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The Amplitude of Saidpur Airport

The northern region of Bangladesh which is popularly known as North Bengal ( or, Uttar Banga or Uttaranchal in Bengali) has four full-fledged civilian airports in Rajshahi, Ishwardi, Saidpur and Thakurgaon, one STOL ( Short Take-off and Landing) in Bogura and an enormously extensive military airfield in Lalmonirhat. At present, Ishwardi, located in Pabna district, and Thakurgaon airports are inoperative though the earlier one was regularly used by civil aviation operators including Biman Bangladesh Airlines, the state owned national flag carrier of Bangladesh. Since 2014 the flight operations have been stopped in Ishwardi airport due to sharp decline in number of passengers to avail the air connectivity. The story of Thakurgaon airport is totally different and carries a long-standing dismal reality. The CAAB ( Civil Aviation Authority of Bangladesh) had started commercial flight services in 1977 after considerable renovation work but the services had to be stopped due to acute uneconomic response from the local populace which led to its closure in 1980. As the aviation reality shows only Rajshahi and Saidpur airports are functional at present. Both are domestic airports but have hugely profitable scope if upgraded to international ones with expanded state-of-the-art infrastructure and facilities.   The Govt. of Bangladesh under the farsighted and dynamic premiership of Sheikh Hasina, the illustrious daughter of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib, has explicit plans and projects to develop the entire aviation infrastructure and industry in Bangladesh to meet the burgeoning demands of fast growing economy and rapidly changing society of this young nation-state in Indian subcontinent.   In this paper I shall concentrate on the Saidpur airport which has an appreciable remunerative dimension due to its extremely favourable geographical location.   The Saidpur airport is located in the outskirts of the Saidpur town in Nilphamari district of Bangladesh. The Nilphamari district is part of the greater Rangpur sub-region in northern Bangladesh. Moreover the Saidpur town has an acclaimed past since the British colonial period. The town started to develop as a centre of commercial and industrial activities in undivided India after the establishment of a railway locomotive workshop in 1870. The large demand of labour to work in the railway industry invited in large scale influx and settlement of working class people from nearby Bihar. After the historic partition of India in 1947 and eventual creation of Pakistan as a separate homeland for the Indian Muslims greater number of Muslims from Bihar and erstwhile United Provinces ( present Uttar Pradesh) had come to settle in Saidpur and adjoining semi-urban areas. During the Pakistan period a cantonment and civilian airport had been established. The airport project was started in 1971, the most remarkable year in the history of Bangladesh, and completed in late 1970s. The airport became fully operational in 1979.   The saga of the construction of Saidpur airport is poignantly intertwined with the armed liberation struggle of Bangladesh in 1971. In that year the Pakistani military junta forcibly employed the local Bengali working class people to give labour in the project as the Saidpur-Parbatipur neighbourhood witnessed violent ethnic clashes between the migrant Urdu speaking staunch pro-Pakistani Bihari population and provincial pro-independence Bengali people in March when the erstwhile East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) was emotionally submerged in the vehement Bengali nationalistic torrents of non-cooperation movement called   by unquestioned leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.   The Saidpur airport is the only functional airport of Rangpur division is operating on 134.30 acres of land. It has 6000 metres of asphalt surfaced runway.   Presently the Biman Bangladesh Airlines and the private operators Novoair, Regent Airways and US-Bangla Airlines are offering aviation services from Saidpur to Dhaka, Chittagong and Cox’s Bazar to make it one of the busiest airports of the country.   Since 2018 after the announcement of Sheikh Hasina the Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism has initiated the expansion work of the Saidpur airport. For the complete implementation of this project 912.90 acres of land is needed to be acquired and about 5000 Taka crores will be required. The Nilphamari district administration will acquire 535 acres and Dinajpur administration will 317 acres of land. The process of proposed land acquisition is nearly complete.   Under the expansion and allied modernisation project of the Saidpur airport a new terminal complex, parking space for two aircrafts are going on in full swing. The construction of new taxiway, apron, cargo terminal building, air control tower, power house, pump house, fire station, administrative building, VIP and VVIO lounges, radar station are included under the project.   Except these, the construction of park parking space, approach road, peripheral patrol road, overhead water tank, etc. are also included in the expansion and modernisation plan.   The present 6000 metres of runway will be extended to 12000 metres to make the basic airport infrastructure eligible for a standard international airport. After the completion of the expansion-cum-modernisation plan Saidpur will be the fifth international airport in Bangladesh and one of the foremost regional hubs of air connectivity.   The geographical location of Saidpur airport makes it proximate to Nepal, Bhutan and northeast India including Siliguri corridor. In this backdrop both Nepal and Bhutan have expressed their sincere intent to use and utilise the aviation facilities of Saidpur.   In February 2020 bilateral meeting of foreign ministers of Nepal and Bangladesh, held in Meghna State Guest House in Dhaka the landlocked Himalayan nation proposed to use the Saidpur airport which is not very far from it and the Bagdogra airport is 160 kms away from the earlier. Again in third Foreign Office Consultation between Nepal and Bangladesh on bilateral issues the earlier country requested to allow Saidpur airport to be used for civilian purposes.   Similarly in September 2022 Bhutanese authorities have also proposed to the Bangladeshi counterparts to allow them to use Saidpur airport in order to increase regional trade and travel. The use of Saidpur airport along with Banglabandha and Burimari land ports by Bhutan is part of Bhutan-Bangladesh Transit Agreement which had been finalised at that time also. …

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Bangladesh in the age of Hydrogen fuel

Drona Bandyopadhyay Hydrogen is the fuel of the future. The 21st century looks forward to utilise this abundantly available chemical element of the Earth. The hydrogen is found everywhere from the Earth to Sun. The hydrogen fuel which is generated through several chemical processes is non-toxic and clean in its essential features. It is also highly environment friendly and sustainable energy resource. The usage of  diatomic hydrogen fuel, though highly combustible, is a renewable kind of energy which can be produced from various sources of nature including water, biomass and sunlight. The hydrogen fuel can ensure the decarbonisation through the transition from expensive oil, gas and polluting coal to clean and green energy. The hydrogen is not only a fuel but also an energy carrier. It can be used to store, move and deliver energy from other sources. Not only from renewable sources the but also from fossils the energy can be stored in the form of hydrogen and later it can be used by converting it into fuel. The main sources of hydrogen fuel are water including household water, waste water, recycled water and even sea water and biomass like plants and agricultural products, solid waste, landfill gas and alcohol fuels. Solar energy is another source of hydrogen. 8Bangladesh is the land of water and waterborne. There are innumerable rivers, rivulets, rills, lakes and ponds. It is also primarily an agricultural country with a heavy monsoon and lush greenery. This is why biomass is readily available throughout Bangladesh. There is no of dearth of water and biomass in this deltaic geography of Bangladesh. This country can be an ideal one for producing hydrogen fuel in near future.  Within few decades Bangladesh can emerge as a hub of production and export of hydrogen due to its congenial geographical environment. Bangladesh has taken an important step to build its own hydrogen fuel infrastructure as the country has to meet the immense challenges of Climate Change without hampering the elephantine task of achieving economic development in this fiercely competitive world. The hydrogen fuel production and usage will also led to diversification of energy resources in the economy. The Ministry of Science and Technology of the Govt. of Bangladesh is implementing a pilot project through BCSUR( Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research).The Chittagong Centre of BCSIR has established a Hydrogen Energy Laboratory and Processing Plant in its premises in 2021. The Ministry of Science and Technology has allocated 54 crore Taka for the realisation of the entire project which also includes a fuel charging station. The project was inaugurated on 20th January 2021 while the decision to establish such kind of a laboratory and production plant in 2017 and the project work started in on October 2018. The catastrophic advent of Covid pandemic had delayed the completion of this cherished project. The Hydrogen Energy Laboratory has been established to initiate research activities on the optimum usage of hydrogen as the fuel of the coming decades. This laboratory will conduct research on it. It will also ensure quality control and provide technological services in the arena of hydrogen fuel in such a manner where it will act as a national level centre of research and reference. This Hydrogen Energy Laboratory is first of its kind in Bangladesh and in future it will be the pivot of Hydrogen related research and development in the country. This laboratory will play a key role in large scale industrial and commercial production of hydrogen gas in future. In the Chittagong campus of BCSIR a Hydrogen fuel production plant has also been established. It will produce hydrogen fuel from two different sources which are biomass and water. As there are provision for producing the particular fuel from two sources, two separate production units have been established. The biomass based production unit will produce hydrogen  fuel through the process of gasification while the water based one will produce through the electrolysis of water. The biomass unit will produce 1.5 kgs of hydrogen fuel and the water one will 5.8 kgs in present scale. In coming years the combined production capacity can be increased to 29 kg if both the units work round the clock. The BCSIR authorities will also conduct training workshops for preparing skilled manpower in the emerging hydrogen fuel sector. The hydrogen  fuel is also economic in financial terms. To produce 1 kg of hydrogen 9 litres of water are required and it costs 850 taka while 0.87 kg of hydrogen can be produced from 20 kg of biomass and it will cost 900 taka. The fuel value of hydrogen is 120-142 MJ/kg which is three times greater than the traditional fuels like petrol, diesel, LPG ,natural gas and coal and also cleaner than the latter ones. A car can run 100.13 kms using 1 kg of hydrogen fuel and 16 kms using 1litre of petrol . In this sense hydrigen is highly economic mode of energy. Moreover 1kg of hydrogen provides 33.33 Kwh ( Kilowatt-hour) of energy but corresponding amount of petrol or natural gas provides 12Kwh or 14.7 Kwh, rrespectively. The hydrogen fuel is becoming popular all over the world as a cheaper and sustainable form of energy. It is estimated that the total market value of hydrogen fuel will be 600 US dollars by 2050. All the developed countries have made plans to generate maximum fuel from hydrogen by 2030 including Japan and South Korea. UK has set a target to produce 5GW of hydrogen energy by 2030. India and China are also not lagging behind. Both the giant economies are making vast strides in hydrogen sector. The Govt. of India has approved the National Green Hydrogen Mission on 4th January 2023 with an initial outlay of Rs. 19,744 crores  though it was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi  on 15th August 2021 commemorating India’s 75th independence celebrations as a derivative of National Hydrogen Policy framed and notified by the Govt. of India in February 2021 for compliance by all the concerned stakeholders.  …

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Bangladesh-China India Trade Development

Sankor Sarkar ( Bangladesh) Bangladesh is geographically enclosed by India from three sides. Actually, India is a friendly neighbouring country like Nepal, Bhutan, Mynamar, Sri Lanka. India helped Bangladesh in many ways during the liberation war in 1971. More than 11000 Indian army sacrificed their lives during the freedom struggle of Bangladesh. India provided food, shelter and medical treatment for nearly one crore of refugees  from Bangladesh for a period of  nearly an  year.   This had created a favorable  international opinion for achieving the goal of independent Bangladesh. Later on, Bangladesh emerged as an independent country. Pakistan surrendered to the joint command of  India and Bangladesh. Bangladesh is ever grateful to  India for her liberation. Gradually, India and Bangladesh joined the Regional Cooperation on Trade and Commerce, Communication, Education, Culture, Water sharing, Fuel, Defence, even war against terrorists & separatists also.   Recently, Indian Foreign Secretary Mr. Vinay Kawatra visited Bangladesh in the middle of  February 2023. During his visit, he met Bangladeshi Foreign Secretary Mr.  Masud bin Momen  and talked on bilateral discussion of both the countries.    Bangladesh and India already decided to work through Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) for the economic development of both the  countries. Now China also wants to work for all out economic development as a partnership with Bangladesh.  The concerned departments of both the countries have started to  work primarily. Even the concerned officers of both the  countries are working now to prepare a structural frame of the agreement.  An officer of Bangladesh Commerce Ministry says that India and China  are the biggest Partners of our Trade Commerce and Development Project.  Bangladesh decided  for CEPA agreement with India.  On the other hand, Bangladesh is also positive with China regarding CEPA. Not only that being a developing country after 2026 Bangladesh will not get its existing world marketing facilities. For that reason, Bangladesh is thinking for various types of Commercial Agreements like PTA, FTA, CEPA ctc by the instruction of topmost authority of Bangladesh Government and accordingly concerned Ministries of Bangladesh. Regarding CEPA, concerned sources says, China has been  knocking Bangladesh again and again to start discussion formally and Chinese High Commissioner to Bangladesh Mr. Yao Uean has discussed with Bangladeshi Commerce Minister Mr. Tipu Munshi on 2nd  February 2023. Perhaps, Bangladesh and China will arrange a bilateral discussion regarding CEPA  during coming  March 2023. Though China gave tax concessions  to Bangladesh but Bangladesh has not yet been  able to increase export to China. Bangladesh and China both countries are the member of Asia Pacific Trade Agreement(APTA). As a member of APTA, Bangladesh has been getting duty-free facility in Chinese local market for 83 items and  under WTO agreement Bangladesh has been gaining  more than 5000 items duty free facility in Chinese market. Besides, China has increased export business in Bangladesh and on the other hand, Bangladesh could not increase export business to China. As a result, day by day, trade and commerce value difference is increasing between Bangladesh and China. In 2021-2022, Bangladeshi export business reduced to 683 million US Dollar. On the other hand, China has increased export business to Bangladesh up to 26253 million US Dollar. The difference of business between the  two countries is 25569 million US Dollar. At last,  it is seen that 13 percent  Bangladeshi goods export reduced to Chinese  market though China has given 98% duty free for Bangladeshi goods. Not only that Export Import Trade business difference between Bangladesh with the biggest business partner China increasing geometrically day by day. In this circumstances, Bangladesh is very anxious to this type of export import trade difference between the two countries. For this reason, Bangladesh is planning to take steps for check and control. Recently, Bangladesh Foreign Minister Mr. Abdul Momen met new Chinese Foreign Minister Mr. S Gang at the Hazrat Shahjalal  International Airport on his way to Africa visit. Mr Momen said to Chinese Foreign Minister that China had agreed and gave commitment to enter Bangladeshi goods into Chinese market as duty free. But Bangladeshi Exporters are not getting that facility, regarding this matter he requested the Chinese Foreign Minister to solve that problem. On 2nd February 2023, when the Chinese High Commissioner met Bangladeshi Commerce Minister Mr. Tipu Munshi said the matter in same voice. He requested to the Chinese High Commissioner as  Export Import trade difference is very big  so he requested the Chinese High Commissioner to give duty free market for Bangladeshi products in Chinese Market and he also told for Chinese Investment in Bangladesh.   We have come to know from Bangladeshi newspapers that West Bengal merchants from Kolkata want to do business in Bangladesh. In that case not only from Kolkata, but also the businessmen  from other parts of India can think about the matter positively for export import business in Bangladesh like other Indians who have been engaged in business in   Middle East, Hong Kong, Singapore and all over the world.

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āĻŽā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§‹āĻ°āĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ, āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻœāĻžāĻŦ āĻĒāĻ°āĻž āĻŽā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡āĻœā§‡ ā§¯ā§Ļ% āĻŽā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻŦā§‹āĻ°āĻ•āĻž āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻœāĻžāĻŦ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡āĻœā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻ‡ āĻĻāĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ? āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻšāĻ˛, āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻŸāĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻļā§āĻšāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡āĻ“ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻĒāĻļā§āĻšāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡āĻ“ āĻ¤ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§‡āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻž āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ– āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ ā§¯ā§Ļ% āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻļ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦā§€āĻ°āĻžāĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ˛, ā§¯ā§Ļ% āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻŋ? āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‰ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ ā§Ģā§Ļ% āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻ“ āĻĻā§‡āĻļ, āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ• āĻĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡â€“āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻāĻ‡āĻ°āĻ•āĻŽ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĨ¤ āĻ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž 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āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻ• āĻŦāĻ‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ•āĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡āĻœ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ ā§¨ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ ā§§ā§§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ– āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻ‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ˛āĻž āĻ‰āĻĻāĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ ā§Ŧā§Ž āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ˛ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛, āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° ā§­ā§ĢāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ˛, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻ‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ• āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡, āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡, āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•āĻŋ 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āĻāĻ•ā§āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻŦāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ Read More »

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āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĒāĻĨā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋ-āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§‡āĻŦāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‹āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§‡āĻŦāĻ° āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨Â  āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āĻ° āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¤āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻĨāĻš āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ–ā§āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĨ¤Â    āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻš āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻĒā§€āĻĄāĻŧāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ 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āĻŽā§‹āĻŸā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻ“ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§āĻ‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤   ā§§ā§¯ā§Ēā§Ž āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻ• āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ āĻ˛, āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛, āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨ āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻĨ āĻŽā§‹āĻŸā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ”āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ°āĨ¤ āĻāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°, āĻĒāĻļā§āĻšāĻžāĻĻāĻĒāĻĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻ…āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻšāĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻŸāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ•āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŖāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ†āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ°Â  āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤, āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ“ 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āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ“ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋ-āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ā§€ āĻ¤ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻĨāĻš āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋāĻļ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻœāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻ°ā§āĻšāĻž āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ¨āĻž āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ“āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨āĻž, āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŦā§€ āĻ“ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ“ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ°ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋ-āĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻšāĻ¤ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻĢāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻšāĻ°ā§āĻšāĻž āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ°āĻž āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻ°ā§āĻšāĻž āĻ–ā§āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋ-āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŦ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¸āĻšāĻœā§‡āĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§Ģā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻŦāĻšā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ°ā§āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻ—āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ“āĻ ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽā§‡āĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋ-āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§‡āĻŦāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœ āĻāĻ¤āĻŸāĻžāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¯ā§‡, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻ°Â  āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ˛, āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻŖāĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇāĻĻā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ•āĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋ āĻ‰āĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ­ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡, āĻ‰āĻ°ā§āĻĻā§ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°, āĻ†āĻ° āĻāĻ‡ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻ‰āĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻĨāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ; āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ­āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻ˜āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŋāĻŽ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻ¨āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻ“ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻ•āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛, āĻĢāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļā§‡ āĻ¤ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ˛āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻšā§ŸāĻ¨āĻŋ ā§§ā§¯ā§Ŧā§Ž āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤   āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° ā§§ā§¯ā§Ģā§¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° ā§¨ā§§āĻļā§‡ āĻĢā§‡āĻŦā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ“ āĻļāĻšā§€āĻĻāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€ āĻļāĻšā§€āĻĻ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ ā§§ā§¯ā§Ŧā§¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻĒā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§Ģā§¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ ā§§ā§¯ā§Ģā§­ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻ¤āĻĨāĻž āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ“ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻļāĻšā§€āĻĻ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ­ā§‡āĻŦā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§€āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¸āĻš āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŸā§‹āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻ• āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ 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āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛ā§€ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ“ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž Read More »

Complexities of Post-Mujib Era as Misunderstood in India.

Bimal Pramanik Director, Centre for Research in Indo-Bangladesh Relations, Kolkata A new politics, a new economics and a new culture, taken together, started unravelling itself in post independent India under the leadership of Nehru as a result of adopted policy of state secularism, which aggravated the confusion of the exuberant and adventurist politics of secularism of the erstwhile radical nationalist and the radical left in India.  Gradually, for the first time, the Hindu refugees were being treated at par with the Muslim infiltrators.  This twin flow at the same time had introduced a new opportunity to show perversely that Bangladesh was as much secular as India.  Politicians, who placed immediate electoral gain above national interest, successfully equated Muslim infiltration with the Hindu refugee flow under the grand title of infinite and indefinite migration of Bangladeshis with nondescript faces through all conceivable manholes in the border region. Growing population pressure and crippling poverty and pauperization of the marginal rural masses in Bangladesh encouraged, if not forced, them to put this agenda of migration as a life and death question, which no force can resist.  In the meantime, the consolidation of Islamic forces was already advanced.  They adopted the agenda of a greater Islamic region as a grand political strategy.  Although it was an emotional issue for Sheikh Mujib, later it became a political and strategic issue with the covert support of Pakistan. There is no state religion in secular India, which is obliged to protect all religions equally, but the State of Bangladesh must preserve religious peace and harmony under the shadow of its state religion, viz. Islam.  The adoption of Islam as the State Religion has utterly demoralized Hindus and has reinforced their already unavoidable compulsion regarding migration to India.  Significantly, a state religion cannot extend the minimum of socio-economic protection even to Muslims, who, instead of being satisfied with living in Islamic Bangladesh, have long been voting with their feet, and continuously leaving for secular India, especially Assam and West Bengal.  Whereas this is a constant tribute to India’s secularism, this is also a threat to India’s socio-economic stability and political security.  Unfortunately, policy makers in India have displayed little alertness in pre-empting or arresting this grave threat. Reality of Independent Bangladesh: The minority community in Bangladesh participated in the war of liberation with the expectation that in the newly liberated country they would enjoy equal status and rights along with the majority community. But, in practice, the persecution of the minorities continued even after independence.  The forms of oppression of the religious minorities in Bangladesh are manifold.  Constitutionally, they have been downgraded; economically, they have been crippled through different discriminatory laws and practices; politically, they have been segregated and alienated from the mainstream; culturally and socially, they are insecure and overwhelmingly dominated.  They are totally deprived of the privileges of participation in the top positions of the government, and nationally they are used as subjects tortured through communal violence organised by the government for counteracting political unrest against the ruling party.  Because of the discriminatory policies, combined with land grabbing, looting, arson, rape, murder and attack on religious institutions and populations with the collusion, if not instigation, of the government or semi-government agencies, there has been a continuous exodus of the minorities from Bangladesh. From the very beginning since the liberation of 1971, Hindus who had earlier gone to India as war refugees and returned to independent Bangladesh, again started migrating from the newly independent country to India, because they failed to retrieve their property and enjoy social security.  Bengali nationalism was eroding fast, and anti-India sentiment was growing rapidly.  After the assassination of Sheikh Mujib (President of Bangladesh) in 1975, the relevance of the very idea of non-communal Bangladesh borne out of liberation war of 1971 was lost, and Bangladesh became a state tilting towards Islamization.  All these show that the emergent idea of secular Bangladesh, partially apparent in 1971, was not only missing but was probably mistaken.  Mujib’s case of fighting against Pakistan had finally given way to a Bangladesh which never denied its Islamic character.  On the surface, while Hindus imagined a new secular-democratic prospect, Muslims suffered from a bankruptcy of leadership, which threw them eventually into the clutches of Mustaq Ahmed, Ziaur Rahman and similar others after Mujib’s death.  It was a pity that Bangladesh soon came out as a new country and a state with an overt Islamic identity. Leaders of the Muslim society, at every level, are trying to organize and consolidate Muslim masses on the basis of religion and madrassa teachings.  The moderate views of a small section of the liberal minded urban middle class in the society society are gradually being replaced by the stronger radical trends.  As a result, the differences with the other religious and cultural communities and sects have become wider.  Now Bangladesh has become the epicentre for propagating and promoting ultra-Islamic fundamentalism and terrorism in eastern and northeastern India which has a sizeable Muslim population.

Lalmonirhat Airport: Derelict Past to Beaming Future

Drona Bandyopadhyay The very name ‘Lalmonirhat’ is quite curiously riveting name of a place or district. There are several historical explanations behind the origination of this particular queer nomenclature. One common thing among all the available explanations is popular commissioning of ‘Lalmonirhat’ is relatively not very ancient. I have first come to know about Lalmonirhat in my early adoloscence while reading a short story called ‘Bhondul Mamar Bari’ written by celebrated Bengali litterateur Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay.  Since then Lalmonirhat has occupied a distinct place in my personal horizon of virginal fantasy and academic excitement. In recent years Lalmonirhat has come in news headlines due to its immense potential to emerge as a major aviation centre of not only Bangladesh but also in entire Indian subcontinent. We all know that Lalmonirhat is one of the four northernmost districts of Bangladesh. The other three districts are Panchagarh, Nilphamari and Kurigram. Before 1984 when nation-wide administrative decentralization was executed, Lalmonirhat was part of greater Rangpur district. Lalmonirhat is famous for its large aerodrome. It was built in 1931 as a military airbase. During the Second World War (1939-1945) the Allied Forces used it as a forward airbase for its operations in Burma (now Myanmar) and other countries of southeast Asia. Presently Lalmonirhat aerodrome is under the possession of Bangladesh Air Force (BAF). The BAF has an active Care and Maintenance Unit in its premises for many years. The airstrip of Lalmonirhat has 1,166 acres of land in its official possession and 4 kms long runway, huge tarmac, hanger and taxiway. Due to its huge land possession and exceptionally long landing strip Lalmonirhat airbase is the largest aerodrome in the Indian subcontinent and second largest in Asia. During the Pakistan period the Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority started flight operations in 1958 but due to lack of response from the adjoining region and relative backwardness of the same air services were stopped within few years. After the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, the newly formed Bangladesh Air Force decided to establish the Headquarters of it at Lalmonirhat airport. But it could not be materialized. Some of the political analysts in Bangladesh opine that the Govt. of India opposed the plan strongly and under Indian pressure nascent Bangladesh succumbed and abandoned the decision completely and as an alternative the Govt. of Bangladesh chose the Dhaka cantonment at Kurmitola as Headquarters of BAF along with that of Army. The rationale provided by those political analysts who hold this view is close geographical proximity of the Lalmonirhat airport to Indo-Bangladesh border and unavoidable usage of Indian airspace while landing and takeoff of aircrafts at this airport. Even without accepting the afore-mentioned role of India in abandonment of Lalmonirhat airbase by Bangladesh authorities since 1972 it can be construed that the very location of Lalmonirhat airstrip is extremely significant and sensitive from geo-strategic point of view. Hence it has a huge strategic importance in the entire subcontinent. The Lalmonirhat airport having geographical location of 25⁰ 53’ 15’’ North and 89⁰ 25’ 59’’ East, LLJ as Airport Code and VGLM as ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation) designation, has emerged as a critical fulcrum of trans-national hub of air connectivity. It is utterly regretful to keep Lalmonirhat airport unused and unutilized for more than seven decades. To be particular, after the end of Second World War in August 1945 the airport has been lying inactiveexcept for a short span of time from late 1950s to early 1960s. In the line of idle chronology the BAF has established an agricultural farm and cattle-breeding farm in 1983 in the abandoned land of the airport. But it cannot be a prudent alternative to proper utilization of untapped potentials of an airfield whose nearest Bangladeshi counterpart is located 54kms away at Saidpur and nearest Indian one is located 49kms away at Cooch Behar. In the recent decadesthe Lalmonirhat district and its adjoining areas have emerged as a developing economic hinterland of this airport. The commercial cultivation of tea, orange and dragon fruits has become lucrative and the bulk of production are exported abroad. In 1990 the BSCIC (Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industries Corporation) has established an industrial estate on 15 acres of land in which 36 factories have been started of which 11 remain functioning. Flour, wooden furniture, cotton textile, processed polymer are produced from these production units. The establishment of this small industrial estate is a remarkable step in fomenting industrialization in northern Bangladesh, popularly known as North Bengal. In 2001the BEPZA (Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority) has established an export processing zone (EPZ) in Sangloshi of Nilphamari district. It is known as ‘Uttara EPZ’ and located only about 80 kms away from Lalmonirhat airport. The Uttara EPZ has 213.66 acres of allotted land in which 180 industrial plots are demarcated for private industrial production. At present 138 plots have been developed. This Uttara EPZ is another notable project to encourage export-oriented industrial growth and employment in North Bengal. In this positive atmosphere of economic development the Lalmonirhat chapter of FBCCI (Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industries) has seriously called for reopening and reoperationalisation of unutlised Lalmonirhat airport to encourage regional commerce and connectivity. Bhutan has also expressed its willingness to use the Lalmonirhat airport for passenger and cargo services. But there are some trans-border complexities over the usage of airspace. The Indo-Bangla border land ports like Banglabandha, Burimari, Sonahat, etc. are well connected with Lalmonirhat airport. Hence the Indian business entities can also use this airport for trans-national trade and commerce as Bagdogra and Guwahati airports are over-utilised, Cooch Behar airport has no determined prospect and Rupsi airport in Kokrajhar district of Assam has limited facilities. Moreover Bangladesh has a great strategic location. It bridges between Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia. The country can also become a hub of international air connectivity. The present world is experiencing steady expansion of aviation services. It is a global trend nowadays. The Asia-Pacific region is expected to become the largest air-travel market in the …

Lalmonirhat Airport: Derelict Past to Beaming Future Read More »

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Dr. Kakoli Sarkar āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻœāĻ—āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ§āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹ā§ŽāĻ•ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻœāĻ—ā§Ž āĻĻāĻ–āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛-āĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡āĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ•āĻžāĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ  āĻ°ā§āĻĒā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§ƒāĻ‚āĻ–āĻ˛ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤ 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āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° ā§Ēā§­ā§Ģā§­ āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§‡āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡āĻœ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž (āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž) āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļ–āĻāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡, āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻš āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ‡, āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻœā§‹āĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž, āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ“ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§‹āĻ§ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°ā§€āĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻĒā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§‹āĻ§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡āĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡āĻœā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§ āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§‹āĻ§āĻ—āĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻœāĻ—ā§Ž āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ, āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āĻœāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻ‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤       āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻ‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻ‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ–ā§āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻšāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻĒā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ• āĻŦā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻĄā§‡ āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻ°ā§‹ āĻ†āĻļā§āĻšāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛, āĻ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĻ¤ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻ“ āĻŦā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻĄā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡āĨ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§ĻāĻ° āĻĻāĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžā§āĻšāĻŽ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŖā§€āĻ° āĻŦāĻ‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° ā§¨ā§Ŧ āĻļā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻš āĻœāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‰āĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŸā§āĻŸāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž āĻŦā§‡āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ŧ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻ˛ā§€āĻ— āĻ†āĻŽāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ“āĻ‡ āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻļā§‹āĻ§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ŧ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžā§āĻšāĻŽ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŖā§€āĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻ “āĻŦā§€āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻˇā§āĻ  āĻŽā§‹āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻĢāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ˛â€ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻļā§‹āĻ§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻāĻ‡āĻ°āĻ•āĻŽ – “ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ ā§¨ā§Ŧ āĻļā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻļā§‡āĻ– āĻŽā§āĻœāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤â€      ā§¨ā§Ļā§Ļā§§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ–āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻĻāĻžâ€“ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ“āĻ‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ—āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹, “ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° ā§¨ā§Ģ āĻļā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻš āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ“ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸āĻ¯āĻœā§āĻžāĨ¤â€ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĨ¤      āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŖā§€āĻ° āĻŦāĻ‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ “ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻ¤āĻžāĻ•āĻžâ€āĨ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ŧ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§‡āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡āĻ°āĻ•āĻŽ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨, “ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻļā§‡āĻ– āĻŽā§āĻœāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻ˛ā§€āĻ— āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ­ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻ˛ā§€āĻ—āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°āĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻžāĻ˛ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻĨ āĻŦā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤Â       ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° ā§¨ā§Ģ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻš āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§€ āĻ¸ā§ˆāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ“āĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ …

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž Read More »

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽā§€āĻ•āĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ

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āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻĨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ  āĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ā§€ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ—ā§œā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ, āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨, āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻ°ā§āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋ, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° (āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ°) āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§Ÿā§€Â  āĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ­ā§‚āĻ–āĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ 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Start of 2023: A Sketchy Assessment of Bangladesh Politics

Drona Bandyopadhyay Bangladesh is gearing herself up for the next general election in the end of 2023 and start of 2024. As political tradition shows the elections in Bangladesh are always enervatingly marred by conflicts and controversies. The main contenders in the power politics of Bangladesh are Awami League (AL) and BNP. But BNP has clearly stated that it will not take part in the next general election if it is held under the present dispensation of Awami League govt. under the premiership of Sheikh Hasina. BNP demands resignation of Sheikh Hasina and inclusion of the provision of non-party caretaker govt. in the constitution to arrange and organize a free and fair election.Already BNP and her allies including 20 party alliance and newly formed Ganatantra Mancha has taken a hardline position regarding their demands. Awami League has also taken a hardline stance to counter the demands and ongoing demonstrations of BNP. PM Sheikh Hasina has given a stern warning to BNP to not to cross a redline in the name of political movement to dislodge the government from power which is in power since 2009, an unprecedented event in the political history of Bangladesh. Due to rising power, foreign exchange reserve and inflation crises the govt is facing real threat from the economy. The corruption, money laundering, extra-judicial killings, imposition of U.S. sanctions on RAB and 6 high ranking officials have posed a grave challenge to the popularity of Awami League. But AL has a large countrywide organization, dedicated frontal organisations and huge money, muscle and media power. Moreover it has a large beneficiary segment in every strata of the society due its longest stint in power. Al has done a remarkable job in economic upliftment and infrastructural development. Padma Bridge bears the testimony to it. It is the edifice of Sheikh Hasina’s legacy. History is also on the side of AL. AL has no record of being ousted from power through popular revolt. On the contrary AL ousted many unpolular governments in 1954, 1969, 1990, 1996 and 2006-2007. The violent extra-constitutional intervention can remove AL from power. 1975 tragedy proves it.But there is a catch here.Since 2014 AL is no more dependent on electoral competition and performance. Both 2014 and 2018 elections were objectionable. The common people want a change. They are tired of sermons on MUJIB, 1975 TRAGEDY, LIBERATION WAR VALUES, etc. The economy is in doldrums. People are reeling under dire financial constraints.The high-handedness of police and other state agencies are an important issue in the public domain. The minorities are still insecure in public life. They are harassed across the country.Tribals of CHT have not seen the complete implementation of peace treaty and resolution of land issues in their habitat zone. VP Nur, Reza Kibria, Zafrullah Chowdhury, Kamal Hossain, Badiul Alam Majumdar, are important civil society power players backed by several foreign embassies. They want a non-party administration in Bangladesh. Mohammad Yunus is their clan leader. Hefazat I Islam will be a divided force in case of any political upheaval between AL and BNP. Some Islamist forces like Tarikat Federation Khilafat I Majlis will stand behind AL. Jamaat will completely back BNP and its cadres are ready for a final showdown against Hasina regime. The moderate BNP leaders like Fakhrul, Dudu, Iqbal Tuku, etc.are not ready for any violent tumult in the country. AL will not spare an inch in case of any political turmoil. Sk. Hasina is a hard nut to crack and a seasoned politician. Military and other state forces will not go for another 1/11 without the support of Indian govt. This is a great advantage for Hasina. BNP knows it.It will only go for rabble-rousing but never opt for any direct confrontation. AL is weak in popular support at present but Hasina will merge as a legend if BNP and other anti-AL forces fail to dislodge her from power this time. Jatiya Party is finished force. ALwill encourage them to take a strong stand against it so that BNP will fail to capture the entire opposition canvas. GMQader is ready for it. But Rawshon Ershad is totally subservient to Hasina. Bidisha Ershad is not a factor at all. Here is also a problem for AL. Common people do not regard JP as an opposition party.due to their consistent bootlicking. 10thDecember was a dateline. AL had shown its teeth and nails to remain in power. BNP should not go for any further confrontation. If this time 1/11 happens it will install a civil society led govt for atleast a decade Khaleda and Hasina were in early 60s during 2006. Now they are old and Khaleda is completely frail. Moreover another political development is taking place in the external politics of Indian sub-continent. Bangladesh is emerging as the fulcrum of clash between China on the one side and India and USA on the other. The continuous Chinese engagement in the economic development of Bangladesh and her joining in the Belt and Road Initiative of China is not well received by India and USA. Again China has already publically warned Bangladesh to not to join ‘QUAD Plus’  led by USA despite being the biggest development partner of Bangladesh in terms of financial loans and grants. The American administration is not taking the growing Chinese influence in Bangladesh in a reluctant manner. Bangladesh has asked to join QUAD, IPEF ( INDO PACIFIC ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK) and IPS ( INDO PACIFIC STRATEGY).  Bangladesh, being a small country with a huge poor population,  cannot ignore the pulls and pressures of the world powers. The recent visit of US Assistant Secretary of State in charge of South and Southeast Asia Mr. Donald Lew has paid a  two day visit  (14th and 15th January) to Dhaka which bears deep diplomatic significance. He acknowledged that the issue of IPS has been discussed with his Bangladeshi counterpart and assured that it is basically a strategy for future not a club against anyone. Lew’s visit in the backdrop of Treasury sanctions of US …

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