The Northern Rakhine Muslims (Rohingyas) and their forgotten History from Indian perspective
Swapna Bhattacharya, former Professor and Head, South & Southeast Asian Studies, Calcutta University After the publication of the book The Rakhine State (Arakan) of Myanmar: History, Culture and Conflict in 2015, I actually took a quiet distance from this particular subject of Bangladesh â Myanmar Relations over the Rohingya issue. I must add here that the term âRohingyaâ is not accepted by the Myanmar Government and a large section of Myanmarese people. According to the 1982 Citizenship Law, ( Khan, 2023: 156) there are restrictions and limitation to award citizenship for all concerned. The Government from the earlier period too â gave a lot of attention to verify the documents which the residents possess or in cases not able to show.  But, the name âRohingyaâ â is widely used by international community and their ( Rohingya peopleâs ) distress has attracted worldâs attention. There are Rohingya refugees not only in India, but also in various Southeast Asian countries, and elsewhere. The subject has already been over-discussed; and I am afraid to get lost in the plethora of researches highlighting aspects, ranging from Human Rights violation, big power rivalry to possibility of outbreak of terrorism from this long-drawn deprivation. Chinaâs maritime aspiration in the Bay of Bengal ( Kyaukphyu port and connectivity projects) to draw maximum resources often come in connection with the present subject. The present paper however is simple, and based on some historical facts, which may be important to revisit in the present context. My abovementioned book ends with developments in the Chittagong-Rakhine front up to 2012. The chapters, eight (8) in number, highlighted among other subjects, the historical encounter of the Rakhine State with Bengal ( Gutman, 2001) at various phases, almost from the time of the Buddha ( in form of the great Mahamuni) through the golden era of the Mrauk-U or Sayyid Alaolâs Rosanga ( 1430-1784) in the Kaladan valley, overlapping of cultural assets of Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam with their polymorphous traditions, Annexation of Arakan by the Bamar ( Burman) king Bodawpaya (1784), and the politics of wooing the regionalism of the Buddhist Rakhines by the British to control the richest agricultural corridor in the Bay of Bengal littoral. After all, the capital of Arakan, Akyab or modern Sittwe, was one of the busiest rice exporting ports in the whole world. The Rakhine kingdom was also well-connected with Upper Myanmar region, routes being across the Rakhine Yoma (Gommans & Leider eds. 2002).  The often discussed narrative of dichotomy of — â Buddhist South versus Muslim Northâ — has its genesis in the massive communal polarization during the World War Second ( 1942-1945). Historians like Hugh Tinker           (1967), Moshe Yegar (1972) and Klaus Fleishmann (1981), whose works I often referred, adequately gave attention to various economic, social and political reasons, leading to this divide. In the British censuses from the 1920- 1940s, the dichotomy between the bona-fide residents of Arakan and Immigrants from Chittagong is repeatedly focussed (Bhattacharya 1994). The mass movement of people from Chittagong, Comilla and Noakhali to the rural areas of Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaw as well as Akyab was due to economic opportunities. The ports of Chittagong was well connected to Akyab, while for using the land route, the river Naaf (Tinker, 1967: 357) had to be crossed. The British used this important corridor of northern Arakan and its Muslim  population to build up a strong front to resist the Japanese forces. On the other hand, the Japanese forces were backed by the Buddhist Rakhines, who are known by the name âMaghsâ (Abdul Mabud Khan, 1999). Other details of Communist Partyâs involvement to use this situation declaring a â anti-fascist warâ considerably isolated the Rakhine Muslims, and the Rakhine nationalist scenario altogether. Instead the spirit of the AFPFL ( Anti-Fascist Peopleâs Freedom League) of the mainland , Independent Arakan Parliamentary Group (IAPG) was more dominating. Though one does not know much about ACP/Arakanese Communist Party (K. Fleischmann, 1989: 143), but its creation considerably polarized and divided the national spirit. Those interested can go through a few pages from my book India-Myanmar relations: 1886-1948 (Bhattacharya, 2007:371-378).  Thus, Myanmar or former Burma was born in 1948 with this troubled region, which otherwise gave birth to so many great monks (U Ottama), intellectuals and politicians. I may just add here that, none other than Dr. Ambedkar got initiated to Buddhism by a Rakhine monk, U Chandramani. From yet another level, the root of the problem can be traced back to the unnatural birth of Pakistan out of Bharat. Most of the Muslims of Myanmar (except the Panthey /Chinese Muslims) are of Indian origin, but well-settled in various cities (Yangon, Mandalay, Akyab) with their families and praying houses or mosques. The Kaman Muslims of the Rakhine State have also their origin in India.  As we know, the last Mughal Emperorâs graveyard       (Mazar of Bahadur Shah Zafar) in the heart of Yangon is a solemn meeting place for all Muslims (also Hindus and Buddhists) from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. I have visited the place several times. Interestingly, a large number of northern Rakhine Muslims were counted in the Census as âIndianâ, at time Chittagonian, Bengali etc. Even after 1937 Separation of British Burma from British India, their immigration into Burma was permitted.  Muslims of Myanmar from the Mainland as well as from this frontier state is intensely attached with undivided India or Bharat. This is why Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose had a huge support from the Muslims of British Burma, who vehemently opposed the Partition Plan and contributed tremendously in the INA Movement (Bhattacharya, 2007:Chapter VII & 2023 13) . The transition from colonial period to the period of Nation Building (decolonization) in South and Southeast Asia has been a complex process itself; religious divides, China-backed communist insurgences and outbreak of the Cold War were as destructive as domestic rivalries within the newly emerged nation states. U Nu, the first Prime Minister of independent Myanmar (former Burma) as well as his successor General Ne Win …