Center For Research In Indo

Author name: admin

āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ˛ā§â€™-āĻšāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻŦāĻ‡āĻŦā§‡, āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ ‘āĻ¸ā§ŒāĻ°āĻ­â€™-āĻ āĻ­āĻ°āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻšāĻŦā§‡!

āĻļāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ‚āĻļā§ āĻ—ā§āĻš, āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ‰āĻ‡ā§ŸāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‹āĻ¨āĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻĒāĻŋ-āĻœāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‹, āĻŽāĻžāĻ ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ†āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻ˛ā§€āĻ—āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻĒāĻŋ āĻœā§‡āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻšāĻ āĻžā§Ž āĻœāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ āĻāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻŸāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§‹ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡, āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšā§‹āĻ•āĨ¤ āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§€āĻ°āĻžāĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻĻā§‡āĻ° ‘āĻšāĻžā§ŸāĻžāĻ°â€™ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĄā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¨āĻŋ, āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ“āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻœāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¨, ‘āĻ—ā§‹āĻ˛â€™ āĻ“āĻ°āĻžāĻ‡ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ¤āĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ‡, āĻ“āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻ‚āĻ¸āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻž āĻšā§ŸāĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ“āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻĢāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻŸ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻā§‡āĻ° ‘āĻ§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯â€™ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ“ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ‡ āĻ•ā§‚āĻŸāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ¨ā§‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻž āĻļā§‡āĻ– āĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨āĻžâ€™āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻšā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§‡āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž, āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ŸāĻ• āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ‰āĻœāĻ°āĻž āĻœā§ŸāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻļāĻŋā§ŸāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ŸāĻ• āĻ¸āĻšāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻĒāĻ°āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻĄā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ˛ā§āĨ¤āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻšā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻœā§‹āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻĄāĻŦā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ‰ āĻĢāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻœāĨ¤ āĻāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŸā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻ•āĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻšāĻŋāĻŦ (āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ) āĻ¸ā§ŒāĻ°āĻ­ āĻ•ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻ˛ā§â€™āĻ° āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĄā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ˛ā§â€™-āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšā§Ÿ ‘āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋāĻŽ āĻšā§‡āĻžā§āĻœâ€™ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§‡āĻļāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĨ¤ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•, āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ˛ā§â€™-āĻšāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻŦāĻ‡āĻŦā§‡, āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ ‘āĻ¸ā§ŒāĻ°āĻ­â€™-āĻ āĻ­āĻ°āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻšāĻŦā§‡? āĻ“āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻ ā§‚ āĻ­ā§‹āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ“āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° ‘āĻ•āĻžāĻ‡āĻœā§āĻ¯āĻžâ€™ (āĻāĻ—ā§œāĻž) āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦā§ˆāĻ āĻ• āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡, āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻĻāĻ˛āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡, āĻ†āĻļāĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻŦā§‡, āĻ­āĻ°āĻ¸āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻŦā§‡, āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ¸āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻŸ āĻ“āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ“āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ¸āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨, ‘āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻžâ€™ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻ†āĻ›āĻŋ, āĻ“āĻāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻ–ā§āĻāĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ“āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻ°, āĻ“āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻĻāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯, āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻ ā§‚ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻļāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°! āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻ–āĻŦā§‹? āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻšā§ŸāĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻœā§‡āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ¯āĻžā§ŸāĻ¨āĻžâ€™, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ§āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻĒāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ–āĻŦā§‹ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻ–āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°? āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻ ā§‚ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡, ‘āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻ ā§‚ āĻšāĻ‡ā§ŸāĻžāĻ›ā§‡â€™āĨ¤ ‘āĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛āĻ—āĻžāĻ› āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻžâ€™? āĻ†āĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž (!) āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻŋ, āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡, āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ ‘āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ°â€™ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡! āĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž ‘āĻšā§€āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°â€™-āĻ° āĻ­āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§œāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ‡ āĻ¨ā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ†āĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤? āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° ‘āĻ•āĻžāĻāĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻ™ā§āĻ•āĻžâ€™ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‹ āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ ‘āĻŦā§‡āĻœāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻžāĻ˛â€™ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‹ āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ ‘āĻ•āĻžāĻāĻšāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻžâ€™ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻŽā§āĻ˛-āĻŽāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ-āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ°!

āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ•āĻ˛ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§€āĻ° āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸: āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻŽā§‹āĻĻā§€

āĻļāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ‚āĻļā§ āĻ—ā§āĻš, āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ‰āĻ‡ā§ŸāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ ‘āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸ-āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¨â€™ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ ā§ąā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ“āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§‡āĻ§āĻžāĻœā§āĻžāĻž, āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¸āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ‡? āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¨ā§Ÿ, āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ā§€ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻ‡ āĻ¤ā§‹ āĻļā§‹āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤  āĻāĻ¸āĻŦ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ ‘āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ā§€ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛â€™ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻœāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻĄāĻ—āĻžā§Ÿ ‘āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸ-āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¨â€™ āĻĻā§āĻŦā§€āĻĒā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ‰āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŽā§āĻšā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ-āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āĻš āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§Ÿā§‡, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž? āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨ā§‹ ‘āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ-āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨â€™ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° ‘āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋ-āĻ‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋā§ŸāĻžâ€™ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻŸāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ‡ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‹āĻŽāĻŦāĻžāĻ° (ā§¨ā§ŦāĻœā§āĻ¨ ā§¨ā§Ļā§¨ā§Š) āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻŸ āĻĄāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸâ€™āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻ–āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĨāĻŋāĻ‰ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡, āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻŦā§€āĻĒ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ° āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ­ā§ŒāĻŽāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ• āĻ“āĻŦāĻžāĻŽāĻžâ€™āĻ° āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¨āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ‡āĻĻā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻĒā§āĻ°  (ā§Ŧā§Ģ)’āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻāĻ• āĻ¸āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ“āĻŦāĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡, āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻ‡āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŦāĻž  āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ˜ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻŸā§āĻ•āĻ°ā§‹ āĻŸā§āĻ•āĻ°ā§‹ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯ā§‡, āĻāĻ‡ āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻļā§‡āĻ– āĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨āĻžâ€™āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¯āĻĨā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŽā§‹āĻĻā§€āĻ° āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ° ‘āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖā§‹āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤â€™ āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻ•āĻ° āĻ¨ā§Ÿ? āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ āĻŽā§‹āĻĻā§€āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻ‚āĻ¸āĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻžā§āĻšāĻŽā§āĻ–, āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° ‘āĻŦāĻ¸â€™ āĻ“āĻŦāĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻŸā§‹ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻžāĻ° āĻˇā§œāĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻ˛āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ“āĻŦāĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§€ āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€ āĻ¯āĻĨā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤  āĻāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ‚āĻļ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§€ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ ‘āĻšā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨â€™ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ“āĻŦāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­ā§‹āĻŸ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‹, āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ ‘āĻšā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨â€™ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻšā§‹āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‡āĻŸ āĻšāĻžāĻ‰āĻ¸ āĻ¯ā§ŒāĻĨ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡ ‘āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻŸ āĻœāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛â€™-āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ“ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŋāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŽā§‹āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ āĻŽā§āĻšā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ“ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡, āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ ‘āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨â€™, āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯? āĻšā§‹ā§ŸāĻžāĻ‡āĻŸ āĻšāĻžāĻ‰āĻ¸ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻšā§ŸāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§€āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§€ āĻŦāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āĻĻā§āĻ­ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛āĻ“āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ āĻļāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻĢāĻ“ āĻŽā§‹āĻĻā§€āĻ° āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ ā§­ā§Ģ āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ¤āĻž āĻŽā§‹āĻĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻœā§ŸāĻĒāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŽā§‹āĻĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡, āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻž ‘āĻŦāĻžāĻŽ-āĻ˜ā§‡āĻāĻˇāĻžâ€™ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž ‘āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ-āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ’ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋ-āĻ‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻĄā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻŽā§‹āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻĨā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ°, āĻĻā§āĻ‡-āĻĻā§āĻ‡āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§‹āĻĻā§€ āĻ•āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯ā§ŒāĻĨ-āĻ¸āĻ­āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¤ā§āĻ° ‘āĻŽā§‹āĻĻā§€, āĻŽā§‹āĻĻā§€â€™ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡  āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻ›āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€āĻ°āĻž āĻ­ā§œāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯ā§ŒāĻĨ āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻ¨ āĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡  â€˜āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻœā§Ÿâ€™ āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ—āĻžāĻ° āĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡? āĻ—āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻ¨  āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ˛, āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ­ā§‚āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻ¨āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽā§‹āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯ā§ŒāĻĨ āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻ‡ āĻŽā§‹āĻĻā§€ āĻŽā§‹āĻĻā§€ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ‰āĻ ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻ ā§‡ āĻĻāĻžāĻā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¤-āĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¨ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŽā§‹āĻĻā§€ āĻĻā§€āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻ•āĻŖā§āĻ ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨, ‘āĻ‰āĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ° āĻšā§‹āĻŽāĻ¸ āĻŸā§ āĻ…āĻ˛ āĻĢā§‡āĻ‡āĻĨ’āĨ¤    āĻšā§‹ā§ŸāĻžāĻ‡āĻŸ āĻšāĻžāĻ‰āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§ŒāĻĨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ“ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŋāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋ’āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŽā§‹āĻĻā§€ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤āĻ‡ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻĻā§‡āĻļ, āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ­ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° ‘āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻâ€™-āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ¸āĻšāĻ¨āĻļā§€āĻ˛  āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ“āĻĒāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§€āĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§‡  āĻ¯ā§ŒāĻĨ āĻ¸āĻ­āĻžā§Ÿ āĻŽā§‹āĻĻā§€ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ ā§¯/ā§§ā§§ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§€ āĻšāĻžāĻŽāĻ˛āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻšā§āĻŽāĻ•ā§€, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯ā§ŒāĻĨāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻ° āĻŽā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ˛āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‰ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‰ āĻāĻ•āĻĨāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ ‘āĻļā§‡āĻ– āĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨āĻžâ€™āĻ°â€™ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤  āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻļā§‡āĻ– āĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨āĻžâ€™āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ ‘āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€â€™ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°, āĻ¯āĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻšāĻžā§ŸāĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¨ā§ŸāĻ¨ā§€āĻŽāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡, āĻŽā§‹āĻĻā§€ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§Ž āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻŋ  āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ, āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĻ¤: āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§‹ āĻŽā§‹āĻĻā§€ āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤  āĻŽā§‹āĻĻā§€ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ“āĻ˛ā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻĄā§‡āĻŽā§‹āĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸ā§€, āĻ†āĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ°āĻœā§‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻĄā§‡āĻŽā§‹āĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸ā§€āĨ¤  āĻŽā§‹āĻĻā§€ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ āĻĻā§’āĻœāĻ¨āĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ“ āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ˜āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻ¤āĻŽāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻˇā§āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ†āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ˜āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻšā§ŸāĻ¤ā§‹ ‘āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž-āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ›āĻžā§œ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡? āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻŽā§‹āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ•, āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§€ ‘āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋ-āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤â€™ āĻ˛āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§-āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ āĻŋāĻ¤āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡  āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›ā§‡, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ ‘āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋ-āĻļā§‡āĻ– āĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨āĻžâ€™ āĻŦāĻž ‘āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋ-āĻ†āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻ˛ā§€āĻ—’? āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻŽā§‹āĻĻā§€ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤āĻž, āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻļā§‡āĻ– āĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻŖ  āĻāĻļāĻŋā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ā§€ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽāĻĻāĻ¤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻž āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž-āĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ¨ā§œāĻŦā§œā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžā§Ÿ?  āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻŽā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ˛āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§-āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ,  āĻ†āĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻž-āĻšā§€āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŽā§‹āĻĻā§€āĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻŖ āĻŦā§ŸāĻ•āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ•â€™āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻœā§ŸāĻļāĻ™ā§āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§ˆāĻ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ¸ā§‚āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ, āĻ•āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸āĻ“āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽā§€āĻ˛āĻž āĻœā§ŸāĻĒāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĄā§‡āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ—ā§‡āĻļāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¨â€™āĻ¨āĻŋ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻœā§ŸāĻļāĻ‚āĻ•āĻ° āĻŦā§ˆāĻ āĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻŽā§‹āĻĻā§€āĻ° āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ­āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻ“ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ­āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻŸāĻž āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‹, āĻ•āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ°-ā§Š āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ°  āĻāĻŽāĻĒāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‡āĻŽā§āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§‹ā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻŽāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸āĻĻā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§āĻŋ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡  āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻŦā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻĒāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŽāĻ˛-āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻž āĻŦā§āĻā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ ā§¨ā§­āĻļā§‡ āĻœā§āĻ¨ ā§¨ā§Ļā§¨ā§ŠāĨ¤ 

āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ˜āĻžāĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ˛āĻž

āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• ( āĻĄāĻžāĻ‡āĻ°ā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻŸāĻ°, āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻĢāĻ° āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻš āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻ‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹-āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ°āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻļāĻ¨āĻ¸, āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ•āĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ ) ‘āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžâ€™ ā§¨ā§§ āĻ°āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ°ā§‹āĻĄ, āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ•āĻžāĻ¤āĻž -ā§¨ā§Ļ āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¤āĻ˛āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻ–āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĨ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° ā§­ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇāĻĻā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—āĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ  āĻĻāĻ˛ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ— āĻœāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ˛āĻžāĻ­ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°āĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻļā§‡āĻ– āĻŽā§āĻœāĻŋāĻŦāĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡, āĻ†āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ—āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻœā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻ­āĻžāĻ° āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§‡-āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻšā§‚āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§€āĻ˛ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻŦā§āĻā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§€āĻŽāĻ¤ā§€ āĻ‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻž āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•āĻŸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻšāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻĻā§‚āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻļā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡-āĻāĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ­ā§‡āĻŦā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ•āĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻļā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ†āĻ—āĻžāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–ā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻ° āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋāĻ‡ āĻšāĻ˛ ‘āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžâ€™ āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻĻā§‚āĻ¤ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§€āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻŽā§‹āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ• ā§¨ā§Ŧ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻ. āĻāĻ‡āĻš. āĻāĻŽ. āĻ•āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻœā§āĻœāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨, āĻļā§‡āĻ– āĻĢāĻœāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ āĻšāĻ• āĻŽāĻŖāĻŋ, āĻ†āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻœā§āĻœāĻžāĻ•, āĻ¤ā§‹āĻĢāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ˛ āĻ†āĻšāĻŽā§‡āĻĻ, āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻœā§āĻ˛ āĻ†āĻ˛āĻŽ āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ– āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ“āĻ ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻ“ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ¸ā§āĻĢ āĻ†āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨, “…āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ—āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ•ā§€āĻĄ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§€āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻŽ āĻāĻ˛ āĻ āĻ­āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻšāĻ˛āĻ˛ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ°āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻœāĻ¨āĻžāĻŦ āĻ•āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻœā§āĻœāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšā§‡āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ—āĻžā§āĻœ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ°ā§‹āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻš āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¤āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻš āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦā§‡āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ“ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ“ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻœā§āĻœāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤â€ ā§§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ˛ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻ• āĻ¸āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨, “… āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ•āĻžāĻ¤āĻž āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ, āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ•āĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ—āĻžāĻœāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻœā§āĻœāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻļā§‡āĻ– āĻĢāĻœāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ āĻšāĻ• āĻŽāĻŖāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻœā§āĻœāĻžāĻ•, āĻ¤ā§‹āĻĢāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ˛ āĻ†āĻšāĻŽā§‡āĻĻ āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻœā§āĻ˛ āĻ†āĻ˛āĻŽ āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻžāĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤â€ ā§¨  āĻŽāĻˆāĻĻā§āĻ˛ āĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ ‘āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§­ā§§’ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻĨā§‡ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨, ‘āĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§€ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ•āĻžāĻ¤āĻž āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻœāĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ ā§ŽāĻ‡ āĻāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ­āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ā§€āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ°ā§‹āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻœā§āĻœāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻš āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻ“ āĻ¯ā§āĻŦ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§€ āĻŦā§ˆāĻ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ āĻ…āĻŦāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻž āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§€āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ“ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ ā§Š āĻŽā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻšā§‡āĻ‡ āĻĒāĻļā§āĻšāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ• āĻŦā§ˆāĻ āĻ• āĻŦāĻ¸ā§‡ ‘āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžâ€™āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ“āĻ‡ āĻŦā§ˆāĻ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒāĻļā§āĻšāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ¸āĻŋ āĻĒāĻŋ āĻāĻŽ-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻŽ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻŦāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¯ā§‡,āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻž āĻ›āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻŦ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻŋ āĻĒāĻŋ āĻāĻŽ- āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ‡ āĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšā§€āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŋ āĻĒāĻŋ āĻāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•āĻŸāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ—ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻ­āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻļā§āĻšāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻ•āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° (āĻ‡) āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ•, āĻ¸āĻŋ āĻĒāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ‡-āĻāĻ° āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻĒāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¸āĻŋ āĻĒāĻŋ āĻāĻŽ- āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§‹āĻœ āĻŽā§āĻ–āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻœāĻŋ, āĻĢāĻ°ā§‹āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻŦā§āĻ˛āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻļā§‹āĻ• āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇ, āĻ†āĻ° āĻāĻ¸ āĻĒāĻŋ-āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸ (āĻ¸)-āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻœāĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻšāĻŽā§‡āĻĻ, āĻ āĻāĻ‡āĻš āĻāĻŽ āĻ•āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻœā§āĻœāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨, āĻ–āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§‹āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ• āĻ†āĻšāĻŽā§‡āĻĻ, āĻ†āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ āĻ†āĻœāĻžāĻĻ, āĻœāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨, āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĻā§‡,āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻŽā§‹āĻœāĻžāĻĢāĻĢāĻ° āĻ†āĻšāĻŽā§‡āĻĻ (āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒ), āĻ†āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ (āĻ¸āĻŋ āĻĒāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋ), āĻĢāĻŖāĻŋāĻ­ā§‚āĻˇāĻŖ āĻŽāĻœā§āĻŽāĻĻāĻžāĻ°, āĻļā§‡āĻ– āĻĢāĻœāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ āĻšāĻ• āĻŽāĻŖāĻŋ, āĻ†āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻœā§āĻœāĻžāĻ•, āĻ¤ā§‹āĻĢāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ˛ āĻ†āĻšāĻŽā§‡āĻĻ, āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻœā§āĻ˛ āĻ†āĻ˛āĻŽ āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨, āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ–āĨ¤ā§Ē ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° ā§¨ā§¯ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻšāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻļā§āĻšāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻ—āĻ° āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻœāĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻšāĻŽā§‡āĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ˛ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻĢ-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§€āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻĢ-āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻžā§āĻšāĻ˛ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ—ā§‹āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ• āĻŽāĻœā§āĻŽāĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ•āĻžāĻ¤āĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ•āĻžāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻĢ-āĻāĻ° āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§€āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻĢ āĻ°ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻœāĻŋ āĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ•āĻžāĻ¤āĻž āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻĒā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻœāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽ āĻšāĻžāĻ‰āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĨāĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ“āĻ ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ˛ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤â€…āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ (āĻ†āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽ āĻšāĻžāĻ‰āĻœ) āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˜āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻœāĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ˜āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ°ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻœāĻŋ”ā§Ģ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻā§’āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§€āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻœāĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻšāĻŽāĻĻ āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ•āĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ†āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ— āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻĢ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ ā§§ āĻāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻĢ-āĻ° āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ“āĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯, āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻ‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻž āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžā§Ž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ ā§Ē āĻāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻœāĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻšāĻŽā§‡āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžā§Ž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§€ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ ā§Ŧ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ•āĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻœāĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻšāĻŽā§‡āĻĻ āĻ“ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ˛ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ ā§¨āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨āĻšāĻž āĻ°ā§‹āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻ—ā§‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻšāĻžāĻ‰āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ“āĻ ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻĢ-āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻžā§āĻšāĻ˛ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšā§‡āĻĄ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĨ¤ ā§§ā§Ļ āĻāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§€ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ— āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§ˆāĻ āĻ• āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻœāĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻšāĻŽā§‡āĻĻ, āĻ āĻāĻ‡āĻš āĻāĻŽ āĻ•āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻœā§āĻœāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨, āĻŽāĻŋāĻœāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšā§ŒāĻ§ā§āĻ°āĻŋ, āĻļā§‡āĻ– āĻĢāĻœāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ āĻšāĻ• āĻŽāĻŖāĻŋ, āĻ¤ā§‹āĻĢāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ˛ āĻ†āĻšāĻŽā§‡āĻĻ, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ˛ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻ¸āĻš āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻāĻŽ āĻāĻ¨ āĻ, āĻāĻŽ āĻĒāĻŋ āĻ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĨ¤ ā§§ā§¨ āĻāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§€ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇāĻĻ āĻšā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ—āĻ°āĻ¤āĻ˛āĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāĻŸ āĻšāĻžāĻ‰āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸āĻĻā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§ˆāĻ āĻ• āĻŦāĻ¸ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜ āĻŦāĻžāĻ—-āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŖā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻœāĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻšāĻŽā§‡āĻĻāĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤ ā§§ā§Š āĻāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ›ā§‹āĻŸā§‹ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸āĻ­āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻ—āĻŖ āĻ†āĻ—āĻ°āĻ¤āĻ˛āĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ•āĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ ā§§ā§­ āĻāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻœāĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻšāĻŽā§‡āĻĻ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻĢ -āĻāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž ā§Ģā§­/ā§Ž āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ—āĻžā§āĻœ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻ°ā§‹āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ ā§­ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻƒ ā§§āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ¸ā§āĻĢ āĻ†āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ°, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ°, āĻĒāĻžā§āĻšāĻĻāĻļ āĻ–āĻŖā§āĻĄ, āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž, ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§Ģ, āĻĒā§ƒāĻƒ ā§Šā§Ēā§­-ā§Šā§Ēā§Ž ā§¨āĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ˛ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ°, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ°,  āĻĒāĻžā§āĻšāĻĻāĻļ āĻ–āĻ¨ā§āĻĄ,   āĻĒā§ƒāĻƒ  ā§§ā§§ā§Ļ ā§ŠāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻˆāĻĻā§āĻ˛ āĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻ°āĻĢāĻĻāĻžāĻ°, āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°, āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ  āĻĒāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻƒ, āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž, ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§Ŧ, āĻĒā§ƒāĻƒ ā§§ā§ŦāĨ¤ ā§ĒāĨ¤ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ°āĻžā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇ, āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§€ (āĻ…āĻŦāĻƒ), āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ – āĻ¸āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ°Â  (āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ• āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšā§€āĻ¤, ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ē) ā§ĢāĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ˛ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ°, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤, āĻĒā§ƒāĻƒ ā§§ā§Ļā§§ ā§ŦāĨ¤ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§€āĻļāĻ°āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ āĻšāĻŸā§āĻŸāĻĒāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§Ÿ, āĻ†āĻ‡, āĻĒāĻŋ, āĻāĻ¸,  āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§€ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ˛āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻāĻœā§‹ āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ — āĻ¸āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ°, (āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ• āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšā§€āĻ¤, ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ē) ā§­āĨ¤ āĻÂ                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

Bangladeshi Hindus, it’s high time to stand on your own feet.

Sitangshu Guha (New York) I have wondered about this for some time. My Bangladeshi Hindu brethren want an exemplary and courageous leader to follow, but they are loathed to act on their own. In dire times, they are quick to blame everyone, including the government, Awami League, Oikkyo Porishad (Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council), Hindu Mohajote (Grand Alliance), etc., but they will not take initiative on their own. Surely, those organizations carry special responsibility because one of their missions is to protect minority rights, but don’t you – my fellow Hindus – also have some obligations to fulfil?  Have you taken responsibility for your own actions? When miscreants attack your house, are you not to defend it first? When your sister is abducted, are you not standing first to save her? When your deity or temple is vandalized are you not to resist that? Eleanor Roosevelt wrote, “No one can make you feel inferior without your permission.” You do not realize that by not standing up you are giving your neighbour permission to violate your life.  I understand that you are scared for your valuable life and want somebody else to do that defending you! Squatting helplessly, you wail the next day over your burnt house, but you lacked the courage to defend it the night before. It is not a benevolent society that you live in, you know that. How is it that you are so naïve that you do not understand that it is your problem first, and only when you act, then others will be motivated to join in. Well, what is needed is some courage and maybe a little bit of sacrifice! Sacrifice here means abandoning the comfort of running away at the slightest sign of trouble. You are not ready for that? Then do not expect others to sacrifice for you!   This is why I always say, just do your part. Criticize, but do not blame others for your failure to stand up to adversaries. Unfortunately, this is what is happening with the Hindus in Bangladesh. Everyone is blaming everyone else, and no one is taking responsibility.   Am I advising you, people? No! I am writing this from my life experience. After the assassination of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, I was fortunate to find advice from two esteemed leaders who said, “Surely, you can be an activist of the Student League, but you need to safeguard the interests of the religious minorities of Bangladesh.” I am simply fulfilling the advice of those leaders. Are there tangible results that I can show for my efforts? It is hard to say, but should I stop because nothing tangible has come out of it? Surely, I will not stop. As Lord Krishna says in Gita, “You have the right to work, but for the work’s sake only. You have no right to the fruits of work.” I try to perform my duty without attachment to the fruits of my action.  I follow three great leaders: Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, Chhatrapati Shivaji and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Of these three, two failed in their mission, and one was successful. The first two inspire me and the latter gives me the hope. Humans live on hope, I too hope my dream will be realized.   What is that dream? Martin Luther King said, “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin, but by the content of their character.” My dream is that the Hindus of Bangladesh will live in security in a nation where they will not be judged by the religion they practice. Such a dream is not bad. Some may say this dream is impractical in a Muslim majority, but it is good to dream! Stand on your feet! God bless you all.  

Bangladesh: A land of communal Harmony?

Sitangshu Guha (New York) In Bangladesh most political party leaders love to say that ‘Bangladesh is a land of communal harmony’! Although knowingly they lie, they do that for the sake of camouflage their deep rooted communalism. Bangladesh has no communal harmony, it is an Islamic society, non-Muslims are persecuted routinely. Can anyone find a country with ‘Islam’ as a state religion, where non-Muslims are flourishing? Bangladesh is no exception! Bangladesh is a communal country! The government appease the Islamists, Islamic institutions, and help them grow. It’s people love to say, we are 90% of the total population, so Bangladesh must be a Muslim country, ‘Hindu go to India’. Note that, Bangladesh is a People’s Republic! Government machinery including ministers tells people how they are serving religion Islam. At this time government is building 560 modern mosques and Islamic centers, but not a single Temple or church or pagoda! The prime minister from time to time reminds people that the country will be run by Madina charter!  Country will run by Madina Charter: Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, the Daily Prothom Alo, 23rd March 2014. Let me give an example of religious harmony: Bangladesh fiscal year 2021-22 budget allotted for Religious Affairs Ministry Taka 15,054.03 crore (roughly $1771 million) under the ADP (annual development project), of which Taka 290.08 crore (roughly $34million) was allocated for projects related to religious minorities. Religious minorities’ share of the religious affairs ministry’s total budget is only 1.93% and the rest goes to Islamic development. Bangladesh has a national mosque, but no national temple or pagoda or church. You will not find an established temple in Bangladesh, which was not attacked or harmed or its deities were not destroyed in last half a century! Deity destruction is a common phenomenon there and until now, no one has been prosecuted or punished. Is deity destruction possible without a religious vendetta? The minority population is dwindling every day and they are forced to quit the country. Islam is state religion and that makes non-Muslims a second class citizen. Hindus sacrificed for the liberation of the land was sky high, but they are deprived in every sector of social fabrication. It is hard to find a Hindu ambassador in foreign service, a high ranking military officer in the Army! Every Hindu family was affected in 1971, but that was not enough, in the new born Bangladesh they got Enemy (vested) property act by which close to 3million Hindu lands were taken from Hindus and given to Muslims. Eight hundred years old Hindu temple ‘The Ramna KaliBari’ was not returned to them after liberation. Discrimination is so rampant that you will not find a single Hindu who did not herd the word ‘Malaun’ means cursed! There’s complaints that even some ministers utter that word!  Islamic foundation, a government entity has 100% Muslim employees! There are no Hindu, Buddhist, or Christian Foundation. There is ‘Hindu Trust’ whose Chairman is a Muslim! Religious Harmony is such a fantastic phenomenon in Bangladesh that the Bengali Hindus greatest festival ‘Durga Puja’ celebration is possible only with the Police protection, otherwise who knows what would happen to the Hindus! BDNews24.Com, 10 August 2012: Let everyone know about Islam: Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina on Friday asked Muslims in Bangladesh to follow the life of Prophet Muhammad and encourage people from other religion to convert to Islam.

Why China ignored US baiting in the Bangladesh war

Dr. Kasturi Bhadra Ray In August 1947, the British ended their 200-year long rule in the Indian subcontinent. During their rule they had systematically broken up the subcontinent consistently as Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Afghanistan were chipped away one by one, and as a last twist before departure, the British divided the remaining Indian subcontinent into two separate nations, Muslim-majority Pakistan and Hindu-majority India. A historical outrage on the people of the subcontinent that went on to have devastating and horrendous consequences, were immediate and far reaching. The Dominion of Pakistan comprised two geographically and culturally separate areas to the east and the west with India in between. The western zone was popularly (and for a period, also officially) termed West Pakistan and the eastern zone (modern-day Bangladesh) was initially termed East Bengal and later, East Pakistan. Although the population of the two zones of Pakistan was close to equal, political power was concentrated mainly in West Pakistan and it was widely perceived that East Pakistan was being exploited economically, leading to many grievances. Administration of the two discontinuous territories was also seen as a challenge.1 Rising political discontent and cultural nationalism in East Pakistan were brutally retaliated by suppressive force from the ruling elite of the West Pakistan establishment, in what came to be termed as Operation Searchlight. On the night of 25 March 1971, the Pakistani Army launched Operation Searchlight to “crush” Bengali resistance. Ordered by the central military government in West Pakistan, the original plans2 envisioned taking control of all of East Pakistan’s major cities on 26 March, and then eliminating all Bengali opposition, whether political or military, within the following month. In response to the violence, however, the Mukti Bahini, a guerrilla resistance movement formed by Bengali military, paramilitary and civilians—launched a mass guerrilla movement against the Pakistani military3. Pakistani military dictator General Yahya Khan ordered the Pakistani military to restore the Pakistani government’s authority, thus beginning the civil war. The military’s widespread genocide against their Bengali citizens, particularly aimed at the minority Bengali Hindu population led to approximately 10 million people seeking refuge in the neighbouring states of Eastern India flooding into the eastern provinces of India, namely, West Bengal, Tripura and Assam. The Indian Government repeatedly appealed to the international community for assistance, but failed to elicit any response. The US wanted to open another front in the cold war against the Soviet Union by mending ties with China4. And Pakistan’s the then dictator Yahya Khan was facilitating the diplomatic engagement between the White House and the then Chinese premier Zhou Enlai. President Nixon and the Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger did not want to upset West Pakistan by calling out Pakistan’s inhuman treatment of its civilians in the East. Fallout with Yahya would have rendered the whole rapprochement process with China dead in stillbirth. A long standing ally of Pakistan, China was encouraged by US to mobilise its armed forces along its border with India. However, due to lack of dominant positions on the Sino-Indian border, the Chinese did not respond to this encouragement since the Indian Army’s Northern Command was well prepared to guard the Line of Actual Control and was already engaging and making advances against the Pakistan Army’s X Corps in the Line of Control.5 Unlike the 1962 Sino – Indian War when India was caught entirely unaware, this time the Indian Army was prepared and had deployed eight mountain divisions to the Sino-Indian border to guard against such an eventuality6. The Indian army had waited until December, before joining the war when the drier ground in the East post monsoon made for easier operations and the Himalayan passes were closed by snow, preventing any Chinese intervention. A major predicament for the Chinese military at that time also was the death of China’s defence minister Lin Biao in September 1971 in Mongolia. So China instead threw its weight behind demands for an immediate ceasefire. India had been facing a mounting humanitarian and economic crisis with a deluge of people seeking refuge post Operation Searchlight. In April 1971, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had asked the Indian Army Chief General Sam Manekshaw if he was ready to go to war with Pakistan. According to Manekshaw’s own personal account, he refused, citing the onset of monsoon season in East Pakistan. He offered his resignation, which Gandhi declined7. Manekshaw then said he could guarantee victory if she would allow him to prepare for the conflict on his own terms, and set a date for it; Gandhi accepted his conditions. In reality, Gandhi was well aware of the difficulties of a hasty military action, but she needed to get the military’s views as public opinion, at that point, was critical of India’s restraint. India entered the war on December 3, 1971, and in the ensuing conflict, Indian forces thwarted the Pakistani army and India was able to win the war against Pakistan through a combination of superior military strategy and the support of Bengali forces in East Pakistan. The Mukti Bahini got training and ammunition from India and India employed a combination of military strategies, including air strikes, naval blockades, and ground offensives, to achieve its objectives in the war. By December 16, 1971, the Pakistani military had surrendered and agreed to the formation of an independent Bangladesh.8 The war changed the geopolitical landscape and balance of power of South Asia, as Bangladesh emerged as an independent nation in its wake. References 1. The Sydney Morning Herald : Problems of Partition, June 14, 1947. 2. Hossain Abu Md. Delwar : Operation searchlight, In Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal (ed.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.), Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 2012. 3. Ahmed Jamal: Mukti Bahini and the liberation war of Bangladesh: A review of conflicting views, Asian Affairs. 30, 5–17 October 2008. 4. Hayes Jarrod : Securitization, social identity and democratic security: Nixon, India and the ties that bind, International Organization. 66 (1), 2012, pp. 63–93. 5. Economic Times, . …

Why China ignored US baiting in the Bangladesh war Read More »

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻĨā§‡ āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ –- āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ•āĻŋ ?

āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨  āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ° (theocratic state) āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ  āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻ›ā§‡ ?   ā§§ā§¯ā§Ēā§­ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ…āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§€āĻŦā§ƒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ā§€āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻ—āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻĻā§āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋ, āĻāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻ• āĻŦā§ˆāĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸ āĻœāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛āĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻŽāĻĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ•āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŖā§€āĻ° āĻ›ā§‹āĻŸ-āĻŦā§œ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•āĻ—āĻŖ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋāĻ˜āĻ°, āĻœāĻŽāĻŋāĻœāĻŽāĻž āĻ¸āĻš āĻ¸āĻ•āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻžā§ŸāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ­ā§‹āĻ— āĻĻāĻ–āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻĒāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ—ā§‡āĻ°  āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻŦāĻžāĻžā§āĻ›āĻž āĻ¸āĻšāĻœā§‡āĻ‡ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĢāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ° āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—āĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ  āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§‡āĻ°  āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžā§œā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻšā§ā§œāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˜āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖāĻ­ā§‹āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻļā§‡āĻ– āĻŽā§āĻœāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¸āĻš āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŖā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¤āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ•āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻĨ āĻŦā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ†āĻœāĻ•ā§‡ theocratic state- āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ—āĻŦā§‡āĻˇāĻ• āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻ°āĻŖāĻœāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡â€™āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯, “āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻœā§‹āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨ā§€āĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻ•āĻļāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ ‘minority cleansing’  āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ­ā§‚-āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻ¨āĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ“ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ•  āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ˜ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ°  āĻ¨ā§€āĻ°āĻŦā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻŸāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¤ā§€āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻļā§€āĻ˛  (āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€) āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ“  āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ“ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻ‡ āĻ¨ā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻ°āĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻŦā§‡āĻˇā§€ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°āĨ¤ āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻŦā§ŸāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ ā§§     āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽ āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§‹āĻĒ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇāĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻļāĻžāĻ°āĻĻā§€ā§ŸāĻž āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ—āĻžāĻĒā§āĻœāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻĒ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ™āĻšā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻ¸āĻŦ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨āĻž āĻ‡āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ģ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻļā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§€ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§ˆāĻ§āĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻšāĻŋāĻƒāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻƒ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžā§āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻŦ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĨ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ļ, ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§¨, ā§¨ā§Ļā§Ļā§§-ā§¨ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ē āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšāĻŋāĻ‚āĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨āĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§€āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ŸāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻ•āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ˛ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻŋ? āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, “āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨-āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•āĻŸ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯  (immediate objective)  āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻƒ ā§§āĨ¤(āĻ•) ‘āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸â€™ – āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚   (āĻ–) āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ˜ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻœā§€āĻŦ āĻ“ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž, āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ˜ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ­ā§‹āĻŸāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ¨āĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœāĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡, āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ“ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ˜ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ ā§¨)  āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨-āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛, āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ˜ā§ āĻļā§‚āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ŸāĨ¤  āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž  āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ ‘āĻāĻ•āĻ§āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ˜āĻŸāĻŋāĻ°â€™ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ•  ‘āĻāĻ•āĻļā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•â€™ (monometallic or monolithic) āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§, āĻŦā§ŒāĻĻā§āĻ§, āĻ–ā§ƒāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•-āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•  āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻĢāĻ—āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ• āĻ¯ā§āĻ—ā§‹āĻļā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ­āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ˜ā§ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĻƒ   (āĻ•) āĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¤āĻ°ā§‡ ā§Ģā§Ģ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ˜ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻ• āĻ¨āĻŋā§ŸāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻ° āĻ•āĻŖā§āĻĄā§ŸāĻŖā§€  (irritating and itching) āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ° āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ (āĻ–) āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° ‘āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻˇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§Ÿā§€â€™ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡ (theocratic state) āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĻā§‚āĻ°āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ (far reaching objective)āĨ¤ā§¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻ•āĻŸā§āĻŸāĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ— āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻĒ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ•āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻŽ, āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻ–āĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻĒā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ŸāĻžāĻ¸ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĨ¤  āĻšā§‡āĻĢāĻžāĻœāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ ā§§āĻ˛āĻž āĻ†āĻ—āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§¯ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇāĻĻ āĻ†ā§Ÿā§‹āĻœāĻŋāĻ¤ ‘āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•, āĻ…āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ•, āĻœā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻ¨āĻļā§€āĻ˛ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§‚āĻšā§€ āĻšāĻžāĻ‡â€™ āĻļāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻāĻ• āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¸āĻ­āĻžā§Ÿ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ‰āĻĒāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ˛ āĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ āĻšā§ŒāĻ§ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨, ‘āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻŋāĻ›āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻž āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛āĻ—āĻ¤  āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜-āĻŽā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāĻĻā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ā§Š ā§§ā§Š āĻĻāĻĢāĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻ“āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§Ļ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° ā§§ā§¯ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨ā§ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻšā§‡āĻĢāĻžāĻœāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ  āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻšāĻžāĻ āĻšāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ° āĻ•āĻ“āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻļāĻžāĻš āĻ†āĻšāĻŽāĻĻ āĻļāĻĢā§€āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ­āĻžāĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ†āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ— āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻšā§‡āĻĢāĻžāĻœāĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ā§€āĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ā§ŸāĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ā§€ āĻ†āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻšā§‡āĻĢāĻžāĻœāĻ¤ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§‡ ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§Š āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° ā§Ģ āĻŽā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻļāĻšāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•ā§€ āĻ§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸āĻ¯āĻœā§āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ“ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻšā§ŸāĻ‡  āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ‰āĻĒāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ°  āĻ…āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨ā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ†āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻĒāĻŋ’āĻ° āĻŽāĻĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ— āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻ–āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšā§‡āĻĢāĻžāĻœāĻ¤ āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻļāĻšāĻ°ā§‡  āĻ¤āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻšā§‡āĻĢāĻžāĻœāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻšāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻ­ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦ āĻĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ˛ ?  āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§€ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ˛, āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻĒāĻŋ’āĻ° āĻŽāĻĻāĻ¤āĻĒā§āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻšā§‡āĻĢāĻžāĻœāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§Ž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻĻāĻ¤  āĻĒā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤â€™ … āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ†āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ— āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿā§‹āĻĒāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§€, āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤, āĻ•āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻ• āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ•āĻŋāĻļā§‹āĻ°ā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻŋ āĻĒā§œāĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻĒā§œāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¸ā§‡āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ“āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ āĻšā§‡āĻĢāĻžāĻœāĻ¤ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤â€™ – āĻšā§‡āĻĢāĻžāĻœāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§‡   āĻŽā§‹āĻŸ ā§¨ā§¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻĒā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ ‘āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻĒā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŋāĻŽ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ°  āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ†āĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ  āĻĻā§‡āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡â€™ āĻāĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° ā§§ā§­āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ ā§§ā§¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻšā§‡āĻĢāĻžāĻœāĻ¤, āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ‡ āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤â€™   āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻĻāĻ˛āĻŦāĻĻāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡? ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§Ļ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖā§ŸāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ-āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻœā§€āĻŦā§€ āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻšāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšā§‡āĻĢāĻžāĻœāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ‰āĻĒāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ° āĻŦāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĨ¤ā§Ē     āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻ†āĻŦā§āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒāĻƒ          “āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ¸āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĻƒ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻ• āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ (āĻ¯āĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ ā§¨ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ē āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ ‘āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋ’ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ›āĻŋ), āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻœāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡; āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡; āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ˜āĻžāĻ¤ā§€ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻœāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ°āĻž  āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻŖā§āĻ āĻžāĻŦā§‹āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž (āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ“ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖ āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž; āĻœāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ–ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§€āĻ°āĻžāĻ“ ( ā§§āĻ˛āĻž āĻœā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡, ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§Ŧ, āĻšāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ¨ āĻŦā§‡āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŋ); āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ ā§§ā§Šā§ŠāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻœāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›ā§‡; ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§Š āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° ā§ĢāĻ‡ āĻŽā§‡  āĻšā§‡āĻĢāĻžāĻœāĻ¤ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻļāĻšāĻ° āĻĻāĻ–āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛, āĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ­ā§€āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž; āĻšā§‡āĻĢāĻžāĻœāĻ¤ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻĒā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ• āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ – āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ°  āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡; āĻ•āĻ“āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻ¤āĻ° āĻĄāĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡; āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āĻš āĻ†āĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ …

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻĨā§‡ āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ –- āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ•āĻŋ ? Read More »

The Negative Facets of the Distortion of History in Bangladesh

Sudip Kumar Acharya Secular and progressive history featured with modern outlook, conscience and reason with true informative touch should be important for a society.  In today’s world the only objective that history can shape is the truth which has gone once into the womb of the past.  So consequences of objective history can create morality, revolutionary impact, transparency   among people’s mind which can bring changes in systems.  On the other hand, biasness of history or distortion of history can preach falsehood.  During the last fifty years such a scenario of distortion prevailed in the education system of Bangladesh. Hence, it is a matter of major concern to the educationists and progressive intellectuals all over the world.  In previous Islamization years history had been used as a weapon for antagonizing against the traditional values and Bengali culture. Moreover, a section of people of Bangladesh suffers from a `small state’ paranoia and very often bask under a pretentious knowledge of age-old history of Indian subcontinent.  They are happy having a constructed Islamic telescope to build up a structured history of Bangladesh as a part of the continent in South Asia.  Since many aspects of historical processes shall remain alien to such telescopic articulation, knowing history becomes highly truncated, attributing fabricated meaning to such efforts. One should not fail to appreciate that any intangible factual history of Bangladesh could be constructed on a bigot historical rational frame, if only one goes beyond a few hundred years before 1704 A.D.  This is so because the genesis and the evolution of a part of Dinesh Chandra Sen’s `Greater Bengal’ which is present day Bangladesh, coincidentally is a part of product of political arrangement of imperial understanding of the past rulers (Edward W. Said coined this as ‘Orientalism’). However, the British left Dacca but communal essence remains unchanged in the mentality of a section of people in Bangladesh.  Besides, they are getting strength from fundamental ideologies made by leading terrorist organizations. Those groups are also active of doing distortion in true history writings.  This is one of cultural terrorism and clever penetration into the chauvinist mind of the Bangladeshi society. Textbooks are the benchmark of a state’s ideology.  But to appease Hefazat, iconic writings were removed from the textbooks. Personalities like Rabindranath Tagore, Nazrul Islam,  Humayun Azad, Saratchandra Chattopadhyay,  S. Wajed Ali, Ranesh Das Gupta, and many  leading progressive Hindu and  Muslim writings were removed.1  Even when Bangladesh Awami Olama League, Hefazat, showed their resentment against a statue of Themis rooted in front of Supreme Court and gave an ultimatum.2 The administration silently shifted the symbol of justice from the compound of the Court.  Such events and counteractions of dramas and laughter and anti-modern conservatism and fundamentalist myopia did not create hope and space for liberalism. Rather it is a symbol of Islamization. On May 2019 in an Islamic unity Press conference Hefazat demanded and later submitted a memorandum through the District Commissioner to the Prime Minister, Sheikh Hasina, of the proposed amendments to get rid of above authors’ writings in textbooks of junior and secondary levels.  Consequently, all those pressures veiled the country’s rising up as a progressive society and civilization of South Asia.  Now in Bangladesh is the society retreating in the pre-1947 order? This is the basic question of partition history learners and political analysis practitioners. The father of the nation of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, stressed on liberal thinking to form up secular vision regarding and remembering cultural coexistence among the religions.  But military regime after Mujib’s assassination bent towards Islam and inspired Islamization.  The books related to Islamic propaganda, theology and communal elements flooded the market. The Islamic history writers in Bangladesh had made orthodox comments in their publications receiving healthy patronage from the administration. There was an attempt to derail a whole generation through a state sponsored distortion of history.3 In the year 1992, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) came in power and Begum Khaleda Zia was the first lady prime minister in Bangladesh but no history book later argues anything about women’s history in Bangladesh, women’s studies did not get enthusiasm and the role of Biranganas was also suppressed, while writings were confined only among some literatures with different issues.  History books at secondary grade school level have been revised reflecting the political calculations of BNP. Though BNP Secretary General, Mirza Fakrul Islam Alamgir in public meetings raised voice against and demanded that Awami League was distorting history and all these were false propaganda with dirty motives to discredit  Ziaur Rahman.4   The Awami League Government was also not much secular- minded.  During 2001 elections, the Awami League (A.L.) had to adopt a number of overly religious positions to win over the mind of mainstream voters. Its manifesto promised not to enact any legislation contrary to the Quran and pledged to establish a sharia bench at the Supreme Court.  Bengali cultural identity and values had slowly disappeared from the country.  The thoughts of radical Islam and history of Islam was being stressed to include in the history books, madrassas were giving radical education concerning Islamic past and medieval period. However, later A.L.  changed its former tactics and rigidly started to campaign for liberalism.  On 15th May 2014, Islamic Foundation submitted a survey report of madrassa education in the office of the Home Ministry.  In this report it has been seen that most of the madrassa books had been written with perverted information.  Even the history of 1971 liberation war had been decomposed.  The history of freedom struggle partly included in the madrassa books and Jamaat’s ideology and Madudi’s ultra-Islamic speech had been included which was not even reasonable and scientific history.  Qawmi and Aliah, madrassa books had incorporated perverted history.  The survey examined books of Aliah madrassa, where it was found that communal ideas strategically mingled with history.  Those erratic communal approaches have been published by ten publishers which flourished under the safe hands of Jamaat in Bangladesh.  Those were—Al-fatah  publications, Al Baraq Prokashoni, Punjeri Prokashoni, Kamiab Prokashoni, Al-madina …

The Negative Facets of the Distortion of History in Bangladesh Read More »

The Baloch Issue of Pakistan: A Reflective Insight (1)

Drona Bandyopadhyay Balochistan is a troubled province of the perpetually troubled state of Pakistan. The political instability and ethnicity based Baloch insurgency and brutal counter-insurgency measures by the Pakistani security forces have sequeled in creating a permanent atmosphere of exploitation, fear, mistrust, and aberrance in all walks of societal life in Balochistan. This discernible socio-political anomaly is continuing to disarrange the social fabric and political process in the province since 1947-48. For the last 76 years Balochistan has been witnessing a persistent environment of internal turbulence and it is impossible to forecast on its future course of occurances but it can be doubtlessly inferred that prevailing conditions will not change for any improvement in imminent timespan. Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan but supports meagre population due to its rugged and barren topographic conditions. Almost the entirety of the desolate province is featured with inhospitable geography and unfavourable climate. Desolate Balochistan covers almost 44% of total land in Pakistan but sustains only 3%-5% of total population. Located in the south-western part of Pakistan, Baloch province lies on the geological continuation of the Iranian plateau. This remote province is exceptionally rich in mineral and energy resources. According to the Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP), there are more than 80 varieties of minerals with significant amount of proven deposits are found in this province. The vast south-western province provides 40% of energy needs and in particular produces 36% of  natural gas in Pakistan. It is also the economically poorest province of Pakistan. The chronic poverty, lack of communication infrastructure, educational and employment facilities have compelled the people of this impoverished province to be the sorrowful victims of deprivation induced extreme marginalization within the Pakistani state. The dismal rankings of Balochistan in different parameters of human development  even after more than 75 years of independence, abolishment of kingship and colonialism is an apposite case of deliberate failure and ignominy on the part of the entire Pakistani statecraft. Balochistan is an ancient land and the site of 8000 year old Mehrgarh archeological ruins of pre-Harappan civilization and its geographical location in between Iran and Indian subcontinent has brought it at the forefront of deep geo-political cross-currents in history. It is also a classic exemplication of cross-point of human civilization since it is influenced by two great ancient human civilisations – Iranian (Persian) and Indian. According to 2011 Census Reports of Pakistan, Balochistan has Baloch majority with large Pashtun minority. The major Baloch tribes are Marri, Mazari, Mengal and Bugti. On the contrary the Pakisan Statistical Yearbook of 2008 have mentioned that Baloch language was spoken by 40% of the provincial population while Brahui and Pashtun languages were spoken by 20% and 25% of the people, respectively. The remaining 15% constitutes Hazaragi, Punjabi and Urdu speaking communities. The Baloch, Pashtun, and Hazaragi, the native languages of Balochistan, are the languages of Iranian linguistic family while Brahui is a Dravidian language of Indian family. Without going further into the details of geography and history of Balochistan, 1666 AD can be taken as the base time-point for analytical convenience as the Khanate of Kalat  was organized by the Ahmedzai clan with the support of most of the Baloch tribes in that year. As the subsidiary ruler of the mighty Mughals the Khan of Kalat ruled over Kalat and its tributary principalities of Las Bela, Kharan and Makran. Coincidentally the 1666 AD is also important for the history of Bengal. The Mughals completed their conquest of Subah-i-Bangala (province of Bengal) with the capture of strategically important Chittagong region from Arakanese rulers under the military captaincy of the provincial governor, Shaista Khan. In 1783 the Khan of Kalat granted suzereignty to the port of Gwadar to a man called Said bin Ahmad who later became the ruler of Oman. In 1958 Omani royalty decided to sell the Gwadar exclave and first offered the sale proposal to India but due to quick declination from New Delhi that was redirected to Pakistan which purchased Gwader enclave on 8th September 1958. With the advent of British colonial powers in the Indian subcontinent since 18th century, the Balochistan region had emerged with a greater strategic importance for the entire British Empire. Down the timeline the western Balochistan was acceded to Iran in 1871 and the Balochistan Agency was constituted in 1877 comprising of the princely states of Kalat, Las Bela, Kharan, Makran and Chief Commissioner’s province of Balochistan with Quetta as its capital. The districts of Chagai, Jhatpat, Loralai, Sibi, Zhob and Quetta-Pishin were part of British Balochistan.  After the drawing of Durand Line in 1893 a portion of northern Balochistan was given to Afghanistan. The Khan of Kalat gave the northern Pashtun dominated districts of his kingdom to the British Raj on lease except the Zhob district and the country of Khetran tribes which were brought under British rule from Afghanistan. The Pashtuns were mainly inhabitated in erstwhile British-Indian province of Balochistan. In post-1947-48 context the Pashtuns demographically dominate the northern part of Balochistan and Baloch people dominate the south. The Brahui speakers are found mainly in central part while Hazaras are concentrated in and around Quetta. In 1940s the British Balochistan province experienced Pakistan movement and eventually the Muslim community became very sympathetic to the Pakistan cause only due to religious reason. The Muslim League, which spear-headed the Pakistan Movement, became popular in urban areas of Balochistan. As a result Balochistan became part of Pakistan but the future Kalat remained uncertain. In 1946 Khan of Kalat expressed his intent to make his kingdom free and sovereign. It was summarily rejected by Congress leadership. Simultaneously Khan of Kalat also submitted a Memorandum in this regard to the Cabinet Mission for the same issue. Surprisingly the draft was prepared by Mohammad Ali Jinnah in the capacity of principal legal advisor to the Khanate. The Cabinet Mission rejected it too. But the Khan declared Kalat independent on 11th August 1947 and before that on 4th August signed a ‘Standstill Agreement’ (draft prepared …

The Baloch Issue of Pakistan: A Reflective Insight (1) Read More »