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Complexities of Post-Mujib Era as Misunderstood in India.

Bimal Pramanik Director, Centre for Research in Indo-Bangladesh Relations, Kolkata A new politics, a new economics and a new culture, taken together, started unravelling itself in post independent India under the leadership of Nehru as a result of adopted policy of state secularism, which aggravated the confusion of the exuberant and adventurist politics of secularism of the erstwhile radical nationalist and the radical left in India.  Gradually, for the first time, the Hindu refugees were being treated at par with the Muslim infiltrators.  This twin flow at the same time had introduced a new opportunity to show perversely that Bangladesh was as much secular as India.  Politicians, who placed immediate electoral gain above national interest, successfully equated Muslim infiltration with the Hindu refugee flow under the grand title of infinite and indefinite migration of Bangladeshis with nondescript faces through all conceivable manholes in the border region. Growing population pressure and crippling poverty and pauperization of the marginal rural masses in Bangladesh encouraged, if not forced, them to put this agenda of migration as a life and death question, which no force can resist.  In the meantime, the consolidation of Islamic forces was already advanced.  They adopted the agenda of a greater Islamic region as a grand political strategy.  Although it was an emotional issue for Sheikh Mujib, later it became a political and strategic issue with the covert support of Pakistan. There is no state religion in secular India, which is obliged to protect all religions equally, but the State of Bangladesh must preserve religious peace and harmony under the shadow of its state religion, viz. Islam.  The adoption of Islam as the State Religion has utterly demoralized Hindus and has reinforced their already unavoidable compulsion regarding migration to India.  Significantly, a state religion cannot extend the minimum of socio-economic protection even to Muslims, who, instead of being satisfied with living in Islamic Bangladesh, have long been voting with their feet, and continuously leaving for secular India, especially Assam and West Bengal.  Whereas this is a constant tribute to India’s secularism, this is also a threat to India’s socio-economic stability and political security.  Unfortunately, policy makers in India have displayed little alertness in pre-empting or arresting this grave threat. Reality of Independent Bangladesh: The minority community in Bangladesh participated in the war of liberation with the expectation that in the newly liberated country they would enjoy equal status and rights along with the majority community. But, in practice, the persecution of the minorities continued even after independence.  The forms of oppression of the religious minorities in Bangladesh are manifold.  Constitutionally, they have been downgraded; economically, they have been crippled through different discriminatory laws and practices; politically, they have been segregated and alienated from the mainstream; culturally and socially, they are insecure and overwhelmingly dominated.  They are totally deprived of the privileges of participation in the top positions of the government, and nationally they are used as subjects tortured through communal violence organised by the government for counteracting political unrest against the ruling party.  Because of the discriminatory policies, combined with land grabbing, looting, arson, rape, murder and attack on religious institutions and populations with the collusion, if not instigation, of the government or semi-government agencies, there has been a continuous exodus of the minorities from Bangladesh. From the very beginning since the liberation of 1971, Hindus who had earlier gone to India as war refugees and returned to independent Bangladesh, again started migrating from the newly independent country to India, because they failed to retrieve their property and enjoy social security.  Bengali nationalism was eroding fast, and anti-India sentiment was growing rapidly.  After the assassination of Sheikh Mujib (President of Bangladesh) in 1975, the relevance of the very idea of non-communal Bangladesh borne out of liberation war of 1971 was lost, and Bangladesh became a state tilting towards Islamization.  All these show that the emergent idea of secular Bangladesh, partially apparent in 1971, was not only missing but was probably mistaken.  Mujib’s case of fighting against Pakistan had finally given way to a Bangladesh which never denied its Islamic character.  On the surface, while Hindus imagined a new secular-democratic prospect, Muslims suffered from a bankruptcy of leadership, which threw them eventually into the clutches of Mustaq Ahmed, Ziaur Rahman and similar others after Mujib’s death.  It was a pity that Bangladesh soon came out as a new country and a state with an overt Islamic identity. Leaders of the Muslim society, at every level, are trying to organize and consolidate Muslim masses on the basis of religion and madrassa teachings.  The moderate views of a small section of the liberal minded urban middle class in the society society are gradually being replaced by the stronger radical trends.  As a result, the differences with the other religious and cultural communities and sects have become wider.  Now Bangladesh has become the epicentre for propagating and promoting ultra-Islamic fundamentalism and terrorism in eastern and northeastern India which has a sizeable Muslim population.

Lalmonirhat Airport: Derelict Past to Beaming Future

Drona Bandyopadhyay The very name ‘Lalmonirhat’ is quite curiously riveting name of a place or district. There are several historical explanations behind the origination of this particular queer nomenclature. One common thing among all the available explanations is popular commissioning of ‘Lalmonirhat’ is relatively not very ancient. I have first come to know about Lalmonirhat in my early adoloscence while reading a short story called ‘Bhondul Mamar Bari’ written by celebrated Bengali litterateur Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay.  Since then Lalmonirhat has occupied a distinct place in my personal horizon of virginal fantasy and academic excitement. In recent years Lalmonirhat has come in news headlines due to its immense potential to emerge as a major aviation centre of not only Bangladesh but also in entire Indian subcontinent. We all know that Lalmonirhat is one of the four northernmost districts of Bangladesh. The other three districts are Panchagarh, Nilphamari and Kurigram. Before 1984 when nation-wide administrative decentralization was executed, Lalmonirhat was part of greater Rangpur district. Lalmonirhat is famous for its large aerodrome. It was built in 1931 as a military airbase. During the Second World War (1939-1945) the Allied Forces used it as a forward airbase for its operations in Burma (now Myanmar) and other countries of southeast Asia. Presently Lalmonirhat aerodrome is under the possession of Bangladesh Air Force (BAF). The BAF has an active Care and Maintenance Unit in its premises for many years. The airstrip of Lalmonirhat has 1,166 acres of land in its official possession and 4 kms long runway, huge tarmac, hanger and taxiway. Due to its huge land possession and exceptionally long landing strip Lalmonirhat airbase is the largest aerodrome in the Indian subcontinent and second largest in Asia. During the Pakistan period the Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority started flight operations in 1958 but due to lack of response from the adjoining region and relative backwardness of the same air services were stopped within few years. After the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, the newly formed Bangladesh Air Force decided to establish the Headquarters of it at Lalmonirhat airport. But it could not be materialized. Some of the political analysts in Bangladesh opine that the Govt. of India opposed the plan strongly and under Indian pressure nascent Bangladesh succumbed and abandoned the decision completely and as an alternative the Govt. of Bangladesh chose the Dhaka cantonment at Kurmitola as Headquarters of BAF along with that of Army. The rationale provided by those political analysts who hold this view is close geographical proximity of the Lalmonirhat airport to Indo-Bangladesh border and unavoidable usage of Indian airspace while landing and takeoff of aircrafts at this airport. Even without accepting the afore-mentioned role of India in abandonment of Lalmonirhat airbase by Bangladesh authorities since 1972 it can be construed that the very location of Lalmonirhat airstrip is extremely significant and sensitive from geo-strategic point of view. Hence it has a huge strategic importance in the entire subcontinent. The Lalmonirhat airport having geographical location of 25⁰ 53’ 15’’ North and 89⁰ 25’ 59’’ East, LLJ as Airport Code and VGLM as ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation) designation, has emerged as a critical fulcrum of trans-national hub of air connectivity. It is utterly regretful to keep Lalmonirhat airport unused and unutilized for more than seven decades. To be particular, after the end of Second World War in August 1945 the airport has been lying inactiveexcept for a short span of time from late 1950s to early 1960s. In the line of idle chronology the BAF has established an agricultural farm and cattle-breeding farm in 1983 in the abandoned land of the airport. But it cannot be a prudent alternative to proper utilization of untapped potentials of an airfield whose nearest Bangladeshi counterpart is located 54kms away at Saidpur and nearest Indian one is located 49kms away at Cooch Behar. In the recent decadesthe Lalmonirhat district and its adjoining areas have emerged as a developing economic hinterland of this airport. The commercial cultivation of tea, orange and dragon fruits has become lucrative and the bulk of production are exported abroad. In 1990 the BSCIC (Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industries Corporation) has established an industrial estate on 15 acres of land in which 36 factories have been started of which 11 remain functioning. Flour, wooden furniture, cotton textile, processed polymer are produced from these production units. The establishment of this small industrial estate is a remarkable step in fomenting industrialization in northern Bangladesh, popularly known as North Bengal. In 2001the BEPZA (Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority) has established an export processing zone (EPZ) in Sangloshi of Nilphamari district. It is known as ‘Uttara EPZ’ and located only about 80 kms away from Lalmonirhat airport. The Uttara EPZ has 213.66 acres of allotted land in which 180 industrial plots are demarcated for private industrial production. At present 138 plots have been developed. This Uttara EPZ is another notable project to encourage export-oriented industrial growth and employment in North Bengal. In this positive atmosphere of economic development the Lalmonirhat chapter of FBCCI (Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industries) has seriously called for reopening and reoperationalisation of unutlised Lalmonirhat airport to encourage regional commerce and connectivity. Bhutan has also expressed its willingness to use the Lalmonirhat airport for passenger and cargo services. But there are some trans-border complexities over the usage of airspace. The Indo-Bangla border land ports like Banglabandha, Burimari, Sonahat, etc. are well connected with Lalmonirhat airport. Hence the Indian business entities can also use this airport for trans-national trade and commerce as Bagdogra and Guwahati airports are over-utilised, Cooch Behar airport has no determined prospect and Rupsi airport in Kokrajhar district of Assam has limited facilities. Moreover Bangladesh has a great strategic location. It bridges between Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia. The country can also become a hub of international air connectivity. The present world is experiencing steady expansion of aviation services. It is a global trend nowadays. The Asia-Pacific region is expected to become the largest air-travel market in the …

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āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° ā§Ēā§­ā§Ģā§­ āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§‡āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡āĻœ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž (āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž) āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļ–āĻāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡, āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻš āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ‡, āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻœā§‹āĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž, āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ“ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§‹āĻ§ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°ā§€āĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻĒā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§‹āĻ§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡āĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡āĻœā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§ āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§‹āĻ§āĻ—āĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻœāĻ—ā§Ž āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ, āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āĻœāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻ‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤       āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻ‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻ‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ–ā§āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻšāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻĒā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ• āĻŦā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻĄā§‡ āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻ°ā§‹ āĻ†āĻļā§āĻšāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛, āĻ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĻ¤ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻ“ āĻŦā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻĄā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡āĨ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§ĻāĻ° āĻĻāĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžā§āĻšāĻŽ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŖā§€āĻ° āĻŦāĻ‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° ā§¨ā§Ŧ āĻļā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻš āĻœāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‰āĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŸā§āĻŸāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž āĻŦā§‡āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ŧ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻ˛ā§€āĻ— āĻ†āĻŽāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ“āĻ‡ āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻļā§‹āĻ§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ŧ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžā§āĻšāĻŽ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŖā§€āĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻ “āĻŦā§€āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻˇā§āĻ  āĻŽā§‹āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻĢāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ˛â€ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¨āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻļā§‹āĻ§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻāĻ‡āĻ°āĻ•āĻŽ – “ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ ā§¨ā§Ŧ āĻļā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻļā§‡āĻ– āĻŽā§āĻœāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤â€      ā§¨ā§Ļā§Ļā§§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ–āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻĻāĻžâ€“ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ“āĻ‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ—āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹, “ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° ā§¨ā§Ģ āĻļā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻš āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ“ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸āĻ¯āĻœā§āĻžāĨ¤â€ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĨ¤      āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŖā§€āĻ° āĻŦāĻ‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ “ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻ¤āĻžāĻ•āĻžâ€āĨ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ŧ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§‡āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡āĻ°āĻ•āĻŽ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨, “ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻļā§‡āĻ– āĻŽā§āĻœāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻ˛ā§€āĻ— āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ­ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻ˛ā§€āĻ—āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°āĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻžāĻ˛ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻĨ āĻŦā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤Â       ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° ā§¨ā§Ģ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻš āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§€ āĻ¸ā§ˆāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ“āĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ …

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž Read More »

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽā§€āĻ•āĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ

āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŋāĻŽāĻž āĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ•āĻ˛ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻžāĻ— āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŸā§āĻŸāĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžā§āĻšā§Ÿ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ – āĻ¤āĻž āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœ āĻ—ā§œāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻ¤ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžā§ŸāĻ• āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ‡ āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡, āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ° āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ“ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ  āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻĨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ  āĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ā§€ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ—ā§œā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ, āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨, āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻ°ā§āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋ, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° (āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ°) āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§Ÿā§€Â  āĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ­ā§‚āĻ–āĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻĒā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻžāĻ— āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤   āĻ†āĻ° āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤, āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŦāĻŋāĻ—āĻŖ āĻ“ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§€ āĻŽā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻŦā§€āĻ—ā§āĻŖ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¯ā§‡, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°, āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻļā§āĻ°ā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§‚āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ†āĻ°ā§‹āĻĒ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻĒā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•  āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§€ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻļā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§€ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ – āĻ¤āĻžāĻ“ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­āĻŦ  āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§, āĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻ°āĻŖāĻ‡ āĻ¯āĻĨā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž; āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻā§‡āĻ°Â  āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻœā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻāĻ‡āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻĒāĻŸāĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§€āĻŦā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ā§€ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ‡āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ›āĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ“ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻĻāĻ˛āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻ—āĻĒā§Ž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§€āĻŦā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ°Â   āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ“ 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Start of 2023: A Sketchy Assessment of Bangladesh Politics

Drona Bandyopadhyay Bangladesh is gearing herself up for the next general election in the end of 2023 and start of 2024. As political tradition shows the elections in Bangladesh are always enervatingly marred by conflicts and controversies. The main contenders in the power politics of Bangladesh are Awami League (AL) and BNP. But BNP has clearly stated that it will not take part in the next general election if it is held under the present dispensation of Awami League govt. under the premiership of Sheikh Hasina. BNP demands resignation of Sheikh Hasina and inclusion of the provision of non-party caretaker govt. in the constitution to arrange and organize a free and fair election.Already BNP and her allies including 20 party alliance and newly formed Ganatantra Mancha has taken a hardline position regarding their demands. Awami League has also taken a hardline stance to counter the demands and ongoing demonstrations of BNP. PM Sheikh Hasina has given a stern warning to BNP to not to cross a redline in the name of political movement to dislodge the government from power which is in power since 2009, an unprecedented event in the political history of Bangladesh. Due to rising power, foreign exchange reserve and inflation crises the govt is facing real threat from the economy. The corruption, money laundering, extra-judicial killings, imposition of U.S. sanctions on RAB and 6 high ranking officials have posed a grave challenge to the popularity of Awami League. But AL has a large countrywide organization, dedicated frontal organisations and huge money, muscle and media power. Moreover it has a large beneficiary segment in every strata of the society due its longest stint in power. Al has done a remarkable job in economic upliftment and infrastructural development. Padma Bridge bears the testimony to it. It is the edifice of Sheikh Hasina’s legacy. History is also on the side of AL. AL has no record of being ousted from power through popular revolt. On the contrary AL ousted many unpolular governments in 1954, 1969, 1990, 1996 and 2006-2007. The violent extra-constitutional intervention can remove AL from power. 1975 tragedy proves it.But there is a catch here.Since 2014 AL is no more dependent on electoral competition and performance. Both 2014 and 2018 elections were objectionable. The common people want a change. They are tired of sermons on MUJIB, 1975 TRAGEDY, LIBERATION WAR VALUES, etc. The economy is in doldrums. People are reeling under dire financial constraints.The high-handedness of police and other state agencies are an important issue in the public domain. The minorities are still insecure in public life. They are harassed across the country.Tribals of CHT have not seen the complete implementation of peace treaty and resolution of land issues in their habitat zone. VP Nur, Reza Kibria, Zafrullah Chowdhury, Kamal Hossain, Badiul Alam Majumdar, are important civil society power players backed by several foreign embassies. They want a non-party administration in Bangladesh. Mohammad Yunus is their clan leader. Hefazat I Islam will be a divided force in case of any political upheaval between AL and BNP. Some Islamist forces like Tarikat Federation Khilafat I Majlis will stand behind AL. Jamaat will completely back BNP and its cadres are ready for a final showdown against Hasina regime. The moderate BNP leaders like Fakhrul, Dudu, Iqbal Tuku, etc.are not ready for any violent tumult in the country. AL will not spare an inch in case of any political turmoil. Sk. Hasina is a hard nut to crack and a seasoned politician. Military and other state forces will not go for another 1/11 without the support of Indian govt. This is a great advantage for Hasina. BNP knows it.It will only go for rabble-rousing but never opt for any direct confrontation. AL is weak in popular support at present but Hasina will merge as a legend if BNP and other anti-AL forces fail to dislodge her from power this time. Jatiya Party is finished force. ALwill encourage them to take a strong stand against it so that BNP will fail to capture the entire opposition canvas. GMQader is ready for it. But Rawshon Ershad is totally subservient to Hasina. Bidisha Ershad is not a factor at all. Here is also a problem for AL. Common people do not regard JP as an opposition party.due to their consistent bootlicking. 10thDecember was a dateline. AL had shown its teeth and nails to remain in power. BNP should not go for any further confrontation. If this time 1/11 happens it will install a civil society led govt for atleast a decade Khaleda and Hasina were in early 60s during 2006. Now they are old and Khaleda is completely frail. Moreover another political development is taking place in the external politics of Indian sub-continent. Bangladesh is emerging as the fulcrum of clash between China on the one side and India and USA on the other. The continuous Chinese engagement in the economic development of Bangladesh and her joining in the Belt and Road Initiative of China is not well received by India and USA. Again China has already publically warned Bangladesh to not to join ‘QUAD Plus’  led by USA despite being the biggest development partner of Bangladesh in terms of financial loans and grants. The American administration is not taking the growing Chinese influence in Bangladesh in a reluctant manner. Bangladesh has asked to join QUAD, IPEF ( INDO PACIFIC ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK) and IPS ( INDO PACIFIC STRATEGY).  Bangladesh, being a small country with a huge poor population,  cannot ignore the pulls and pressures of the world powers. The recent visit of US Assistant Secretary of State in charge of South and Southeast Asia Mr. Donald Lew has paid a  two day visit  (14th and 15th January) to Dhaka which bears deep diplomatic significance. He acknowledged that the issue of IPS has been discussed with his Bangladeshi counterpart and assured that it is basically a strategy for future not a club against anyone. Lew’s visit in the backdrop of Treasury sanctions of US …

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Declining Democracy in Bangladesh

Sudip Kumar Acharya The functioning of democracy in Bangladesh has been witnessing a chequered journey since 1971.  Simply, the swinging democratization process in Bangladesh is continuing till date.  We know that, from time of its independence, Bangladesh has been submerged in critical internal contradictions. The Bengali national identity by which the freedom struggle of Bangladesh got a determined character did not proceed further because Bengali cultural traits were replaced by Islamic cultural characteristics and maligned by Islamization process especially after Mujib’s assassination on 15th August 1975.  Though 1972 Constitution of Bangladesh asserted the pride of Bengali identity in place of Muslim nationalism, but majority of ministers did not care much of being Bengali or secular and inclined towards Arabized culture which was given major importance. The liberal Bengali culture became short lived and afterwards irrelevant.  On the other hand, Mujib had a promising start with secular, social outlook but later he did not nurture democratic voice of his beloved nation and became authoritarian, proscribed opposition and introduced one party rule.  The decay of democracy to some extent had already started during Mujib’s rule and his disastrous murder paved the way for prolonged military rule.  The next ruler Major General Ziaur Rahman seized maximum executive power and accelerated the process of Islamization.  A new sort of praetorian political culture decorated with radical Islam grasped the domestic political milieu of the country. It was the most dangerous phase against democracy when orthodoxy was assembled with politics and state policy of secularism was vaporized from objectives of state through undemocratic politics.  In a nutshell the political culture of Bangladesh has changed since long after the end of Mujib regime. The revengeful politics and minority persecution were parallelly introduced.  In time of Ziaur Rahman steps were taken to demoralize the constitution through shrugging off the ideals of freedom struggle and Pakistan oriented communal values. So, Islamization of Bangladesh was a natural phenomenon and became a threat to Hindu, Buddhist and Christian minority communities.  We have to remember that in its Constitution, Bangladesh has state religion of Islam The dictator President Chief Marshal Law Administrator (CMLA) Hossain Mohammad Ershad in the year 1988 forcibly through constitutional amendment  introduced state religion in Bangladesh. Earlier Ziaur Rahman also amended the Constitution and four basic principles of 1972 Constitution (Nationalism, Socialism, Democracy and Secularism) were diluted and `Bismillahi-Rahman-er-Rahim’ was adjoined before Preamble.  Moreover, a new sort of Bangladeshi identity had been incorporated which was fully covered with Islamic aroma, Religion had taken hegemonic role in Bangladesh and diluted democracy. In 1991, ten per cent of religious minority except Islam existed in the country but in 2001 the proportion decreased steadily. The Chittagong Hill Tract (CHT) was destroyed many times by state sponsored various forces  The local ethnic groups are outnumbered due to Muslim infiltration patronized by state itself. Consequently, tribals migrated from Bangladesh and sheltered into India.  The CHT leaders formed resistance movement against the Government.  Later Sheikh Hasina signed peace accord with P.C. J. S. S. but even after a long time the accord not fully implemented.  The forced eviction of minorities from land, rape of minority women and children had drawn attention and severe criticism from global human rights groups. We can add another pointin this regard that this overt Islamization has led to a definite shift towards radical Islamic nationalism.  Besides, the rising of Jamaat in the last decades of 20th and early decades of 21st century had a fatal impact on the political culture of Bangladesh. Within a short span of time Jamat became the largest Islamic Party in Bangladesh and contested in national elections.  The Jamat-e-Islami’s ideology has spread gradually. Jamaat leaders became ministers in the BNP led regime of Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia (2001-2006).  In 2008, it got nearly four lakh votes which is four percent of total votes.  The resurgence of theocratic tendency and the growing animosities between Begum Khaleda Zia and Sheikh Hasina have weakened the republican credentials. The resurgence of Islam at the direct behest of the state especially under the time of Begum Zia, made serious challenges towards democratic consolidation. Moreover, radical Islam is connected with worldwide Jihadist network. On the other hand, the personality-prone politics fanned the flame of feudal tendencies in democracy.  The transparent electoral process run by different caretaker Governments did not bring much instability or political maturity. The tendency of extreme religious awakening namely by the radical Islamic groups, Ansarullah Bangla, or J.M.B, in Bangladesh affect foreign relations with immediate neighbours.  India has alarmed Bangladesh several times about the fundamentalist groups which sheltered in Bangladesh as they are dangerous for Indian security scenario.  Except that, many a times Indo-Bangladesh relations became worse with different issues like trade disputes, border disputes, Ganges River water sharing, migration, insurgency, anti-Hindu and anti -tribal violence, confusions regarding Gas exports. In most of the cases fragile condition of democracy in Bangladesh has been responsible for such hindrances in the way for smoother bilateral relationship. As an instance the acute anti-Indian rhetoric in Bangladesh can be regarded as a bulwark against strong relations.  The opportunist political tendencies of Bangladesh are also an interesting section like most of the third world democracies in the world.  It is astonishing that Sheikh Hasina joined hands with notorious dictator and C.M.L.A. Hussain Muhammad Ershad and his Jatiya Party while Begum Khaleda Zia had her coalitions with radical Islamist group Jamaat-e-Islami.  Nothing is impossible in the dance of democracy in Bangladesh.  Indeed, the growth of various religious parties such as the Islami Oikyo Jote Front is the output of Islamization and its wider acceptance in Bangladesh.  Hence, communal harmony and tolerance are becoming invisible in Bangladesh. Though different sections of liberal progressive intelligentsia have endeavored to regain the place of non-communalism and secularism but unable to receive enough support from the common public. So these above negative factors have weakened democracy and political culture in Bangladesh. Eventually, the anti-democratic forces are flourishing in Bangladesh and the insecurity of the minorities is rising.  The …

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Bimal Pramanik Director, Centre for Research in Indo-Bangladesh Relations āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ-āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖ āĻ°ā§āĻ–ā§‡ āĻĻāĻžāĻā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛, āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻž āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨āĻŦāĻžāĻœāĻŋ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ,  āĻ˛ā§œāĻžāĻ‡ – āĻāĻ° āĻŽā§ŸāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“ āĻāĻ•āĻĨāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ­ā§‚āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻ—āĻŖāĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻž, āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—, āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ°Â  āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ“ āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ†āĻļāĻž āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻšāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° ‘āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ’ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤Â  āĻ†āĻœāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻžā§āĻšāĻžāĻļ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¯ā§‹āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤Â  āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻœ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžā§ŸāĻžāĻšā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻļāĻšāĻŋāĻĻ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ˛ā§€āĻ¨ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛ ?    āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžā§āĻšāĻžāĻļ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻāĻļāĻ•ā§‡āĻ°Â  āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°  āĻ§ā§‚āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§Ž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŽ –āĻ¨ā§ƒāĻļāĻ‚āĻ¸ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ…āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§ˆāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšāĻ¤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ¸ā§āĻĢāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ“ āĻĻāĻ–āĻ˛āĻĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻŸāĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ­ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ“ āĻāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āĻŸ āĻ¯ā§‡Â  āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻœāĻŋāĻ¤Â  āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻŋāĻ ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻ›ā§āĻ°āĻŋ  āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡Â  āĻĻā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“  āĻ­ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻš āĻĻāĻļāĻ• āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‹āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻāĻļāĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ°Â  āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĒāĻĨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤Â  āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§€ āĻŽā§‹ā§œāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°āĻžāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĨ¤   āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ˆāĻ°āĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§āĻ‚āĻ•āĻžāĻ°, āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ­āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ‡ 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āĻ¸āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ,  āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ“ āĻ§āĻ‚āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤/āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻ¸āĻŽā§‚āĻš āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ ā§‡ āĻĻāĻžāĻā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœ āĻŦāĻĻāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ¨āĻžāĻ—āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•Â  āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ°Â  āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°Â  āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ŸāĻŖ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ¸āĻŦ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻļāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻā§‡āĻ“ āĻ†āĻļāĻžāĻšāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤Â  āĻĻā§â€™āĻĻāĻļāĻ• āĻĒāĻ° āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻœā§‡āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ āĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°āĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻ†āĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžā§āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ—āĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ¤āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡ 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āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ  ‘āĻ•ā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻŸā§‡āĻ•āĻžāĻ°â€™ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇāĻ ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻœā§‹āĻŸāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§œ āĻ†āĻļāĻžÂ  āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§§ āĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ° ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ‡Â  āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖ āĻ†āĻļāĻžāĻšāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§€ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ˜ā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻ˛ā§āĻŸāĻĒāĻžāĻŸ, āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—, āĻ“ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸āĻ¯āĻœā§āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻ°āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¸āĻœāĻŋāĻĻ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻœā§āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ›āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ›āĻžā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯ā§āĻ—ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻˇ  āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ“ āĻĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž, āĻāĻ¤ āĻ˛ā§œāĻžāĻ‡â€“āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻ°ā§āĻ–ā§‡ āĻĻāĻžāĻā§œāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ˜ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻ°ā§āĻšāĻž āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ¨ā§Ÿ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§‹āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ†ā§œāĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŦā§œ āĻ†āĻ˜āĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻ˛ā§‹ ā§¨ā§Ļā§Ļā§§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻˇ āĻŽāĻĻāĻ¤ā§‡  āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ­ā§‹āĻŸ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ˜ā§ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯ā§āĻ—ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻŸ, āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨, āĻ—āĻŖāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖ, āĻ–ā§āĻ¨, āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¤āĻŦāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻœā§‹āĻ°āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžā§œāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻ‡ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ˜ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ¨ā§ƒāĻļāĻ‚āĻ¸ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ ‘āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ°â€™ āĻ¤āĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡         āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĒā§€ā§œāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŽā§‹āĻŸāĻžāĻŽā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ : āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§€-āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇ-āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻā§ˆāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ˛ā§‹āĻŽāĻšāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻ• āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ; āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¯ā§ŒāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ“ āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§€āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ; āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¤āĻŦāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ, āĻĻā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻĒāĻžāĻ , āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻ¨, āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—; āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­ā§‹āĻŸ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¤āĻŦāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžā§œāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻļ  āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨āĻžāĻ“ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡; āĻ—āĻŖāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻœāĻŋ, āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ“ āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ§ā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦā§€ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ˜ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§ŸāĻ¨āĻŋ,  āĻ–ā§ƒāĻ¸āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦā§€ āĻ“ āĻ†āĻĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§€ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ˜ā§ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻ°āĻžāĻ“ āĻ°ā§‡āĻšāĻžāĻ‡ āĻĒāĻžā§ŸāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ā§§ āĻ—āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤  āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻ¨ā§‡Â  āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯  āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ– āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ : ā§§)  āĻāĻ¸āĻŦ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§‡āĻ›āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšā§āĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ, āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§āĻ¯ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻļā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§€ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‚āĻļā§‡ āĻŦā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž, āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¨āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻšāĻžā§ŸāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§‹āĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻšā§ŸāĻ¨āĻŋ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ āĻ—ā§œā§‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻšā§ŸāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤    ā§¨)  āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ˜ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽ,  āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ—āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ• āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§‹āĻŸ āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ†āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ‡Â Â  āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻœāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ­ā§‚āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ­ā§‹āĻ—ā§€āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ-āĻ§āĻžāĻŽāĻ¸āĻš āĻļāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ¤āĻĻāĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§‡āĻŦāĻ“  āĻ˜āĻŸā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° 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āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ Read More »

Bangladesh’s views towards the eastern and north-eastern region of India

Bimal Pramanik Director, Centre for Research in Indo-Bangladesh Relations After the independence of Bangladesh the army finally established his roots in the Bangladesh polity through the assassination of President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and top leadership of the liberation struggle.  They are also major beneficiaries of the foreign aid and development fund since then.  Gradually, they have expanded their grip over the administration and society.  As a result, all the governments succumb to the army even upon a little pressure, and keep the army related issues out of discussion in parliament or public fora.  Policies of all the governments are the same regarding defence and army since the early seventies.  Gradually, both the number and strength of the armed forces are increasing. Major sections of the civil and military leadership as well as rank and file feel and express the idea, that 16 crores of people can hardly be accommodated within the present boundary of the country.  It must be expanded by hook or crook, otherwise Bangladesh will not survive in future.  Secondly, there is a perception prevailing in Bangladesh that India will occupy Bangladesh in future—Bangladesh should be prepared to resist them—this propaganda has been going on since its emergence in 1971.  These are the two major thoughts that dominate the defence and foreign policies of all the governments. The armed forces of Bangladesh always consider and preach the threat perception specially from India because of ninety percent of the international border being with India.  They always suffer from this psyche since India is a big powerful neighbour, which may patronize/inspire any group that can create social unrest or anti-government movement if the ruling party acts against India’s interest.  A few intellectuals think that by suppressing ethnic and religious minorities and following ethnic cleansing policies in the country because of an overwhelming majority of Muslims with a chronic anti-minority psyche, a social situation in the country has already been sufficiently provocative for the neighbour. General Shafiullah—former chief of army staff and ex-defence advisor of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina—thinks Bangladesh has to build such an army that the neighbour has to count Bangladesh.  India and Pakistan fought three major wars and still they are not good neighbours.  But they count each other not for their good relations (!), but they know both of them have the power to hit back.  To earn respect, Bangladesh must have teeth like Pakistan. Pakistan legacy still haunts Bangladesh. They are failing to come out from the inimical perception towards India which was inherited from their predecessor, i. e. Islamic Pakistan.  Most members of the Bangladeshi Muslim intelligentsia think, Bangladesh can survive only by strengthening the Islamist identity of a Bengali Muslim, not by reinforcing Bengali nationalism and Bengali culture.  A rapid growth of madrassas and mosques in the country since the mid-seventies to strengthen the cultural and religious orientation as Bangladeshi Muslims are relevant in this context. They feel that most of the contents of Bengali culture are still dominated by Bengali Hindus, and it is also a part of the greater Indian culture.  For that reason, Muslim social and political leaderships have been trying to build up a parallel culture for Bengali Muslims since Pakistani days.  Fifty years later, Bengali Muslims identified themselves as Moderate Muslims with more or less a separate cultural identity from that of Bengali Hindus.  Of late, this moderate Muslim identity of Bangladeshi Muslims is being preached  not only in the country but also  abroad.  All the political leadership and elites of the country are pretending themselves to be moderate Muslims.  But it is possible to take a different view. Radical Islamic fundamentalists have succeeded in influencing significantly the field of education, culture, society and politics.  During the last five decades they have expanded influence not only over Bangladesh but also over the north-eastern region of India, especially  West Bengal, Assam, Tripura. The aim is to organise Bengali Muslim masses for the greater interest of the Muslim community.  Some features of growth of Madrassas and mosques in West Bengal and Assam are emerging significantly.  In the mean time, so many social, religious and political demands of Muslims in West Bengal and Assam are already accepted by the ruling governments during the past three-four decades.  Hence a parallel so-called Bangladeshi culture are being practised in the north-eastern region of India during the last two-three decades. Another important observation is, since the days of the 1947 Partition, the Muslims psyche in both the parts of Pakistan is suffering from the injury of losing half of Bengal and Assam.  They ruthlessly have been pursuing the policy of `lebensraum’ since the days of Partition.   Acting perhaps, on the philosophy of the great Italian, Machiavelli, who observed in the 16th century, `sending immigrants is the next effective way to colonize countries because it is less offensive than to send military expeditions and much less expensive,” Bangladesh with a single-minded devotion has been following this policy and to say the least, it has been quite successful in this endeavour. The propagation of moderate Muslim nationalism in Assam and West Bengal can be faster/or slower depending on special political or social developments in the region.  One may add that,  in the present circumstances, it is hardly possible to launch a greater unity initiative among the Bangla speaking populace in the region on the basis of language, culture and  nationalism.  This `greater unity’ idea is still haunting some socio-political forces in the both parts of Bengal, despite its lack of feasibility. It is difficult to organise any movement on the basis of narrow Bengali nationalism/chauvinism  or provincialism against central government from West Bengal and Assam, sponsored  by the local political outfits raising the issues of deprivation by the centre.  But there is a speculation on the emerging possibility to bring the  Bangla speaking Muslims in the region under a moderate Islamic nationalism which may counteract the radical Islamic movement.  But there are some new deterrent factors emerging  in the political arena of West Bengal and Assam among …

Bangladesh’s views towards the eastern and north-eastern region of India Read More »

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āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›ā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻāĻ¸āĻ•āĻ˛ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€ āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻ° āĻāĻ¸āĻ•āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻœ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ•āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§‚āĻĒā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ“ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻšāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨Â  āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‹āĻŖ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž “āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ’’ āĻ¨āĻž “āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨â€ — āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‰ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‰ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻā§‡āĻ° ‘āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ’āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻœ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻ†āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛ā§€āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‰ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‰ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻœ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ — āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€ āĻļā§‡āĻˇāĻŽā§‡āĻļ ‘āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨â€™ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻāĻ•āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻĢāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ˜āĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻŋ (āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŋāĻŽ) āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° 12 āĻ¨āĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ˛; āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ – “(12) āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻĒā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻžā§ŸāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ – āĻ•) āĻ¸āĻ•āĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž, āĻ–) āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ• āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨, (āĻ—) āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻĒāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°, āĻ˜) āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦā§ˆāĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĒā§€āĻĄāĻŧāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛ā§‹āĻĒ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ‡āĻŦā§‡āĨ¤â€Â Â  āĻ†āĻœāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻĒāĻŸ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ā§€ āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻž āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ–ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ 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