Center For Research In Indo

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āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ“ āϏ⧁āĻļāĻžāϏāύ

Bimal Pramanik Director, Centre for Research in Indo-Bangladesh Relations āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύāĻŋ āϏ⧇āύāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ-āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖ āϰ⧁āϖ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāρ⧜āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻž āĻ“ āϏ⧁āĻļāĻžāϏāύāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāĻŦāĻžāϜāĻŋ āϰ⧇āϖ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ,  āϞ⧜āĻžāχ – āĻāϰ āĻŽā§ŸāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āĻ“ āĻāĻ•āĻĨāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻ­ā§‚āϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāχāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻ—āĻŖāĻšāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻž, āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ—, āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āϏ⧇āĻ°Â  āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇āĻ“ āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ āφāĻļāĻž āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϞ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāχ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ ‘āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ’ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤Â  āφāϜāϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžā§āϚāĻžāĻļ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĨ¤ āϏ⧇āχāϏāĻŦ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧋āĻĻā§āϧāĻž āϝāĻžāϰāĻž āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤Â  āφāϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āφāϜ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āϏāĻžā§ŸāĻžāĻšā§āύ⧇āĨ¤ āϝāĻžāϰāĻž āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻļāĻšāĻŋāĻĻ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύāĻ“ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧁āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϞ⧀āύ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞ ?    āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āĻĒāĻžā§āϚāĻžāĻļ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āφāϞ⧋āĻ•āĻĒāĻžāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻāĻļāϕ⧇āĻ°Â  āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇āχ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ  āϧ⧂āϞāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžā§Ž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤ āϝāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŽ –āύ⧃āĻļāĻ‚āϏ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻšāϞ⧇āύ, āĻ…āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āϰ āϏ⧈āύāĻŋāĻ• āύāĻŋāĻšāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦ⧁āĻŸā§‡āϰ āφāĻ¸ā§āĻĢāĻžāϞāύ āĻ“ āĻĻāĻ–āϞāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ ⧧⧝⧭⧧ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύāϟāĻž āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āϭ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āύāĻŋāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻāϤ āĻ…āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϧāĻžāύ⧇ āϏ⧇āχ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦ⧁āϟ āĻ¯ā§‡Â  āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻˇā§āϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāĻ¤Â  āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻŋāϠ⧇ āφāĻŽā§‚āϞ āϛ⧁āϰāĻŋ  āĻŦāϏāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡Â  āĻĻ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“Â  āϭ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ āĻŦāĻž āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻž, āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇ āϤāĻžāχ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āϘāĻŸā§‡āύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāρāϚ āĻĻāĻļāĻ• āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϟāĻž āωāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‹āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻāĻļāϕ⧇āχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āĻ°Â  āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻ—āϤāĻŋāĻĒāĻĨ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ¤Â  āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ āĻŽā§‹ā§œāϕ⧇ āϏ⧇āχ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύāĻŋ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤   āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻŦ⧈āϰāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻšā§āĻ‚āĻ•āĻžāϰ, āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāϚāĻžāϰāĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāύāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āχ āϕ⧇āĻŸā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻĻāĻļāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻĻāĻļāϕ⧇ āϏāĻĻā§āϝ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āφāĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āϘāĻŸā§‡ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āϰ āφāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ–āĻŋāϤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ āĻŽāϞāĻŋāύ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ ‘āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāĻ¨â€™ āϧāĻ°ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ•/āĻ¸ā§āĻŦ⧈āϰāĻžāϚāĻžāϰ⧀ āĻļāĻžāϏāĻ•āĻ—āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ, āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāϤāχ āĻ…āĻŦāύāĻŽāύ āϘāϟāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϜāύāĻ—āϪ⧇āϰ āĻŽāύ⧇āĻ“ āĻāχ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇, ‘āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ⧇āĻ°Â  āφāĻŽāϞ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻ­āĻžāϞ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽâ€™āĨ¤ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ āϏāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ,  āĻŽāĻšāĻžāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇āĻ“ āϧāĻ‚āϏāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ/āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āωāϠ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāρ⧜āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āĻŦāĻĻāϞ⧇āϛ⧇, āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•Â  āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āĻ°Â  āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻžāĻ°Â  āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžā§ŸāĻŖ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇āχ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻļāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻ⧇āĻ“ āφāĻļāĻžāĻšāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤Â  āĻĻā§â€™āĻĻāĻļāĻ• āĻĒāϰ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ āĻœā§‡āϗ⧇ āωāĻ āϞāĨ¤ āϜāύāĻ—āϪ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āφāĻļāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžā§āϚāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āϞāĻžāĻ—āϞāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāϤāĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāϤ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻ­ā§‚āϞ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻŦ⧃āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āύāĻŋāĻšāϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ/āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āϏāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ°Â  āύ⧇āϤāĻž-āύ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ‚āĻļ⧇āϰāχ āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻšā§āϝ⧁āϤāĻŋ āϘāϟāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻˇā§āϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāϤ āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋ āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻ“ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āϠ⧇āĻ°Â  āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāρāĻ•āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāϏ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϞāϘ⧁āĻ°Â  āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻ–āĻ°ā§āĻŦāχ āĻšā§ŸāύāĻŋ, āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžā§œāύ āĻāĻ–āύ āύāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āύ⧈āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϘāϟāύāĻž āĨ¤ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ  āϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟āϟāĻŋ  āĻšāϞ āϏ⧇āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āϏāĻŦāϧāϰāϪ⧇āϰ   āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϞāϘ⧁āϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāχ āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϰ  āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡Â  āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻĒāϤāύ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āφāϰ āϏ⧁āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āϝāϤ āĻ•āĻŽ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āϤāϤāχ āĻ­āĻžāϞāĨ¤ āĻ—āϤ āϤāĻŋāύ āĻĻāĻļāϕ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ, āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ, āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ, āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ“ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ⧇  āĻĻā§â€™āϚāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤     āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦ⧈āϰāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ-āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧀ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻŦ⧜ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϞ⧜āĻžāχ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ āĻ āĻāχāϚ āĻāĻŽ āĻāϰāĻļāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇, ⧧⧝⧝ā§Ļ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤ ‘āĻ¸ā§āĻŦ⧈āϰāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āύāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāϤ āϝāĻžāĻ•, āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•â€™ āĻ—āĻŖāφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ  āĻāϟāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āϜāύāĻĒā§āϰāĻŋ⧟ āĻ¸ā§āϞ⧋āĻ—āĻžāύāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ ā§§ā§Ģ, ā§­ āĻ“ ā§Ģ āĻĻāϞ⧇āϰ āϤāĻŋāύ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻœā§‹āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŽā§āϜāĻŋāĻŦ āĻ•āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻž āĻļ⧇āĻ– āĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāύāĻž, āϜāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āύ⧀ āĻŦ⧇āĻ—āĻŽ āĻ–āĻžāϞ⧇āĻĻāĻž āϜāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻŽāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻĨā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āϜāύāĻ—āϪ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ• āϏāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāχ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ  ‘āĻ•ā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻŸā§‡āĻ•āĻžāĻ°â€™ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏ⧁āώāϠ⧁ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻœā§‹āϟāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āϐāĻ•ā§āϝāĻŽāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāϤ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āϜāύāĻ—āϪ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧜ āφāĻļāĻžÂ  āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ ⧧⧝⧝⧧ āĻāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ ⧧⧝⧝⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āĻ‡Â  āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖ āφāĻļāĻžāĻšāϤ āĻšāϞ āϝāĻ–āύ āϏāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§€ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϞāϘ⧁ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ• āϞ⧁āϟāĻĒāĻžāϟ, āĻ…āĻ—ā§āύāĻŋāϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ—, āĻ“ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āϏāϝāĻœā§āĻž āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϞ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāϰāĻŋ āĻŽāϏāϜāĻŋāĻĻ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āϏ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϜ⧁āĻšāĻžāϤ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ›āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻ›āĻžā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāϝ⧁āĻ—ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϰāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āώ  āĻ•āϰāϞ⧋ āϏāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ“ āĻĻ⧁āύāĻŋ⧟āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύ āϜāύāϤāĻž, āĻāϤ āϞ⧜āĻžāĻ‡â€“āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻž āϝāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāχ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϰāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āϰ⧁āϖ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāρ⧜āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāϞāĨ¤ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤāχ āĻšāϞ⧋ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϞāϘ⧁āϰ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻž āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āύ⧟ āϕ⧋āύ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§‹āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ†ā§œāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŦ⧜ āφāϘāĻžāϤ āĻāϞ⧋ ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§§ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āώ āĻŽāĻĻāϤ⧇  āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāϞāϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ⧇ āĻ­ā§‹āϟ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻāύ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϞāϘ⧁ āϜāύāĻ—āϪ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϞ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāϝ⧁āĻ—ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϰāϤāĻžāĨ¤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āϞ⧁āϟ, āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϤāύ, āĻ—āĻŖāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāϰ⧀ āϧāĻ°ā§āώāĻŖ, āϖ⧁āύ, āĻŦāϏāϤāĻŦāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻœā§‹āϰāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžā§œāύāĨ¤ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāϏ āĻāĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰāχ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāχāϞ⧋ āύāĻž āϝ⧇, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϞāϘ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āύ⧃āĻļāĻ‚āϏ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāϚāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ ‘āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻĻāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύ⧇āĻ°â€™ āϤāĻĻāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇         āύāĻŋāĻĒā§€ā§œāύ⧇āϰ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŽā§‹āϟāĻžāĻŽā§āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϰ⧂āĻĒ : āύāĻžāϰ⧀-āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώ-āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧈āĻšāĻŋāĻ• āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϤāύ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϞ⧋āĻŽāĻšāĻ°ā§āώāĻ• āĻšāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ; āύāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āϝ⧌āύ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϤāύ āĻ“ āĻļā§āϞ⧀āϞāϤāĻžāĻšāĻžāύāĻŋ; āĻŦāϏāϤāĻŦāĻžāϟāĻŋ, āĻĻā§‹āĻ•āĻžāύāĻĒāĻžāĻ , āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āϏāϏāĻžāϧāύ, āĻ…āĻ—ā§āύāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ—; āϕ⧋āύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāϞāϕ⧇ āĻ­ā§‹āϟ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻāύ⧇ āĻŦāϏāϤāĻŦāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžā§œāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ  āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāϗ⧇āϰ āϘāϟāύāĻžāĻ“ āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇; āĻ—āĻŖāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇ āϚāĻžāρāĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϜāĻŋ, āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ“ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāϗ⧇āϰ āĻšā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāϚāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦā§€ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϞāϘ⧁āϰāĻžāχ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ŸāύāĻŋ,  āĻ–ā§ƒāϏāϟāĻžāύ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦā§€ āĻ“ āφāĻĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϏ⧀ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϞāϘ⧁ āϏāĻĻāĻ¸ā§āϝāϰāĻžāĻ“ āϰ⧇āĻšāĻžāχ āĻĒāĻžā§ŸāύāĻŋāĨ¤ā§§ āĻ—āύāϤāĻĻāĻ¨ā§āϤ  āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāĻ¨ā§‡Â  āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϤāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ  āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ : ā§§)  āĻāϏāĻŦ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϤāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒ⧇āĻ›āύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻšā§āĻ›āĻ¨ā§āύāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ, āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻžāĻŽāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§āϝ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻžāϤāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻ‚āĻšāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻļā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§€ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻšā§āϞāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ⧇ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž, āϝāĻž āϏ⧇āχ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻžāĻŽāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻšāĻžā§ŸāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāϞāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻāχ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ…āύ⧁āϧāĻžāĻŦāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ āϏ⧋āĻšā§āϚāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ŸāύāĻŋ, āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻ—ā§œā§‡ āϤ⧁āϞāϤ⧇ āϏāĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟ āĻšā§ŸāύāĻŋāĨ¤    ⧍)  āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϞāϘ⧁ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϤāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻžā§Ÿ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ,  āϜāύāϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āĻ•āϤ⧃āĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻĻāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‹āϟ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϗ⧇āϛ⧇, āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋāϰāĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āĻ‡Â Â  āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώāϜāύ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ­ā§‚āĻ•ā§āϤāĻ­ā§‹āĻ—ā§€āϰāĻž āĻāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āϏāĻ•āϞāϕ⧇āχ āύāĻžāĻŽ-āϧāĻžāĻŽāϏāĻš āĻļāύāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϤāĻĻāϏāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧇āĻŦāĻ“Â  āϘāĻŸā§āύāĻžāϰ āϤāĻŋāύ āĻŽāĻžāϏ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‹āϟāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϤ⧇āĻ“Â  āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻ—ā§āϰ⧇āĻĢāϤāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āύāĻ—āĻŖā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāϏ⧀āϰāĻžÂ  āĻ¸ā§āĻŦ- āĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻŽā§āĻ­ā§‡Â  āĻŦāĻŋāϚāϰāĻŖÂ  āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āϝ⧇,  āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāĻ¨Â  āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āφāχāύ⧇āϰ āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āĻ—Â  āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϰāϤ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ⧀ āφāĻŽāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ• āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āφāĻĻāϞ⧇ āύ⧀āϰāĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤāĻŋ  āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡Â  āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ  āĻŦ⧈āϰ⧀ āφāϚāϰāϪ⧇āĻ°Â  āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϏāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāϏ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰāχ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇,  āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύ āĻšāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϝāĻž āφāϰ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋āĻ“ āϘāĻŸā§‡āύāĻŋāĨ¤ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻ‡Â  āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇ āωāĻĒāύ⧀āϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇, āφāϗ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϤāύ⧇āĻ°Â  āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϤāύ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦ⧜ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻšāϞ āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ•āϤāĻžÂ Â  āĻ“ āϤ⧀āĻŦā§āϰāϤāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāĻŋāϝāĻžāϤāύ āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϞāϘ⧁ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āĻ°Â   āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ,  āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤ, āωāĻšā§āϚāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤ āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•āĻŋ  āĻĒ⧇āĻļāĻžāĻœā§€āĻŦā§€ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϞāϘ⧁āϰāĻžāĻ“ āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžā§ŸāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āϝ⧇, āĻ āϧāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ• āϏāĻšāĻŋāĻ‚āϏāϤāĻž āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϘāϟāĻžāύ⧋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āύ⧟āĨ¤ āϤāĻĻāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻāχ āϏāĻŦ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āϰāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧇āĻ›āύ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏ⧁āĻĻ⧁āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāĻ°ā§€Â  āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ“ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āĻ¯Â  āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĨ¤āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ : (āĻ•) āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞ⧀ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ (Concepts of pluralism), …

āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ“ āϏ⧁āĻļāĻžāϏāύ Read More »

Bangladesh’s views towards the eastern and north-eastern region of India

Bimal Pramanik Director, Centre for Research in Indo-Bangladesh Relations After the independence of Bangladesh the army finally established his roots in the Bangladesh polity through the assassination of President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and top leadership of the liberation struggle.  They are also major beneficiaries of the foreign aid and development fund since then.  Gradually, they have expanded their grip over the administration and society.  As a result, all the governments succumb to the army even upon a little pressure, and keep the army related issues out of discussion in parliament or public fora.  Policies of all the governments are the same regarding defence and army since the early seventies.  Gradually, both the number and strength of the armed forces are increasing. Major sections of the civil and military leadership as well as rank and file feel and express the idea, that 16 crores of people can hardly be accommodated within the present boundary of the country.  It must be expanded by hook or crook, otherwise Bangladesh will not survive in future.  Secondly, there is a perception prevailing in Bangladesh that India will occupy Bangladesh in future—Bangladesh should be prepared to resist them—this propaganda has been going on since its emergence in 1971.  These are the two major thoughts that dominate the defence and foreign policies of all the governments. The armed forces of Bangladesh always consider and preach the threat perception specially from India because of ninety percent of the international border being with India.  They always suffer from this psyche since India is a big powerful neighbour, which may patronize/inspire any group that can create social unrest or anti-government movement if the ruling party acts against India’s interest.  A few intellectuals think that by suppressing ethnic and religious minorities and following ethnic cleansing policies in the country because of an overwhelming majority of Muslims with a chronic anti-minority psyche, a social situation in the country has already been sufficiently provocative for the neighbour. General Shafiullah—former chief of army staff and ex-defence advisor of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina—thinks Bangladesh has to build such an army that the neighbour has to count Bangladesh.  India and Pakistan fought three major wars and still they are not good neighbours.  But they count each other not for their good relations (!), but they know both of them have the power to hit back.  To earn respect, Bangladesh must have teeth like Pakistan. Pakistan legacy still haunts Bangladesh. They are failing to come out from the inimical perception towards India which was inherited from their predecessor, i. e. Islamic Pakistan.  Most members of the Bangladeshi Muslim intelligentsia think, Bangladesh can survive only by strengthening the Islamist identity of a Bengali Muslim, not by reinforcing Bengali nationalism and Bengali culture.  A rapid growth of madrassas and mosques in the country since the mid-seventies to strengthen the cultural and religious orientation as Bangladeshi Muslims are relevant in this context. They feel that most of the contents of Bengali culture are still dominated by Bengali Hindus, and it is also a part of the greater Indian culture.  For that reason, Muslim social and political leaderships have been trying to build up a parallel culture for Bengali Muslims since Pakistani days.  Fifty years later, Bengali Muslims identified themselves as Moderate Muslims with more or less a separate cultural identity from that of Bengali Hindus.  Of late, this moderate Muslim identity of Bangladeshi Muslims is being preached  not only in the country but also  abroad.  All the political leadership and elites of the country are pretending themselves to be moderate Muslims.  But it is possible to take a different view. Radical Islamic fundamentalists have succeeded in influencing significantly the field of education, culture, society and politics.  During the last five decades they have expanded influence not only over Bangladesh but also over the north-eastern region of India, especially  West Bengal, Assam, Tripura. The aim is to organise Bengali Muslim masses for the greater interest of the Muslim community.  Some features of growth of Madrassas and mosques in West Bengal and Assam are emerging significantly.  In the mean time, so many social, religious and political demands of Muslims in West Bengal and Assam are already accepted by the ruling governments during the past three-four decades.  Hence a parallel so-called Bangladeshi culture are being practised in the north-eastern region of India during the last two-three decades. Another important observation is, since the days of the 1947 Partition, the Muslims psyche in both the parts of Pakistan is suffering from the injury of losing half of Bengal and Assam.  They ruthlessly have been pursuing the policy of `lebensraum’ since the days of Partition.   Acting perhaps, on the philosophy of the great Italian, Machiavelli, who observed in the 16th century, `sending immigrants is the next effective way to colonize countries because it is less offensive than to send military expeditions and much less expensive,” Bangladesh with a single-minded devotion has been following this policy and to say the least, it has been quite successful in this endeavour. The propagation of moderate Muslim nationalism in Assam and West Bengal can be faster/or slower depending on special political or social developments in the region.  One may add that,  in the present circumstances, it is hardly possible to launch a greater unity initiative among the Bangla speaking populace in the region on the basis of language, culture and  nationalism.  This `greater unity’ idea is still haunting some socio-political forces in the both parts of Bengal, despite its lack of feasibility. It is difficult to organise any movement on the basis of narrow Bengali nationalism/chauvinism  or provincialism against central government from West Bengal and Assam, sponsored  by the local political outfits raising the issues of deprivation by the centre.  But there is a speculation on the emerging possibility to bring the  Bangla speaking Muslims in the region under a moderate Islamic nationalism which may counteract the radical Islamic movement.  But there are some new deterrent factors emerging  in the political arena of West Bengal and Assam among …

Bangladesh’s views towards the eastern and north-eastern region of India Read More »

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻļāĻž āϕ⧋āύāĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇?

āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŋāĻŽāĻž āύāĻ¸ā§āĻ•āϰ 1947 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϗ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻž āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋ, āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āϤāϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āϭ⧇āĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻ…āĻĻā§āϭ⧁āϤ āĻāĻ• āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϧāĻžāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ 1200 āĻŽāĻžāχāϞ⧇āϰāĨ¤ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ  āϭ⧌āĻ—ā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻā§‚āϰāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāχ āύ⧟, āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϝāĻŧ āϐāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāϰ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟāχ āĻ…āĻŽāĻŋāϞ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—āύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĨ¤ 1971 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ  āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ 1971 āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āϕ⧋āύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻŽā§‹āϘ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤāĻŋāĨ¤ 1971 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϏāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āφāϜ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€āύāĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϝ⧇āϏāĻŦ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āϕ⧇ āϧāϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ, āϏ⧇āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āύāϤ⧁āύāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϚāϰāĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧃āĻ™ā§āĻ–āϞāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϠ⧇āϞ⧇  āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āφāϜ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϤāĻ• āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤Â Â Â  āφāϧ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ• āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻšāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύāϤ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāύāĻŋāϰāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώ āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻžāĨ¤ āϏ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ­ā§‚āĻ–āĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡ āĻŦāϏāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āϜāύāĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āϰ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖ  āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ⧇ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧇ āϏāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻž āĻ“ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻšāϞ āφāϧ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ• āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĨ¤ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽāĨ¤ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻāϏ⧇ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖ  āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŦā§‹āϧāĨ¤ āϏ⧁āϤāϰāĻžāĻ‚ āφāϧ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ• āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āĻšāϞ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāύāĻŋāϰāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻžāĨ¤ āφāϰ āĻāχ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāύāĻŋāϰāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāϕ⧀āĻ•āϰāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāϞāĻ—ā§āύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāύāĻŋāϰāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āωāĻĻāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāϕ⧇ āϧāĻ‚āϏ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§āϖ⧇ āϠ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ 1975 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁āϰ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻŽāύ⧋āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāύāĻŋāϰāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāϕ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§€ā§Ÿ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϏāĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžā§ŸāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāϕ⧇ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŸā§‡āύ⧇ āĻāύ⧇ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§€ā§Ÿ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ (āĻ…āĻˇā§āϟāĻŽ āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āϧāύ⧀, 1988 āϏāĻžāϞ) āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ˜ā§‹āώāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ ‘āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϏāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āώāĻĄāĻŧāϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻž āĻ“ āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŽ āφāϘāĻžāϤ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āχ āύāϝāĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϭ⧌āĻŽ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āφāĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻāχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§€āύ āϏāĻ­ā§āϝāϤāĻžāϰ āφāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĨ¤ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ āϏāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§€āύāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āϜāύāĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻāϏ⧇ āĻŦāϏāĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇ āĨ¤ āĻāϏāĻ•āϞ āϜāύāĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻāύ⧇āϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāĨ¤ āφāϰ āĻāϏāĻ•āϞ āĻŦāĻšāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻ—āϤ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāϜ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻžāϧāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϤ, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻāĻ• āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§€āύ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ⧇āϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāϧāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āϤāĻ•āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āφāϛ⧇ āϝ⧇āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻŦāϏāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āϜāύāĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇ āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϏāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāϤāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϐāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻžāϜāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻāχ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϜāύāĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύāϰāĻž āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨Â  āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāϕ⧋āĻŖ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāϏ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž “āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ’’ āύāĻž “āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨â€ — āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āϖ⧁āρāϜāϤ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϕ⧇āω āϕ⧇āω āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻ⧇āϰ ‘āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ’āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻĻ⧇āĻļāϜ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϏāĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ• āφāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϞ⧀āύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ…āύāĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϕ⧇āω āϕ⧇āω āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāϕ⧇ āωāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāϜ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āφāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧāĻžāϏ āĻĒ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āύāĻž āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ — āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻŽāύ⧋āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āϜāύāĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€ āĻļ⧇āώāĻŽā§‡āĻļ ‘āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨â€™ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇āχ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻ•āϰ⧇ āφāρāĻ•āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āϧāϰāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧁āϘāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻž āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋ (āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽ) āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤāĻŋāϤ⧇āχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāϕ⧇āχ āϏ⧇āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ āĨ¤ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ 12 āύāĻ‚ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻšā§āϛ⧇āĻĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻŋāϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϞ; āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ – “(12) āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāύāĻŋāϰāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻžāϰ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻžā§Ÿāύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ – āĻ•) āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž, āĻ–) āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāϕ⧇ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ, (āĻ—) āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ, āϘ) āϕ⧋āύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāϞāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻŦ⧈āώāĻŽā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāĻšāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻĒā§€āĻĄāĻŧāύ āĻŦāĻŋāϞ⧋āĻĒ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāχāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤â€Â Â  āφāϜāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϝ⧇ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻĒāϟ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧀ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āϤāĻž āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ āĻ…āύ⧇āϕ⧇āχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϰāĻŋāϖ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦā§€āĻĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧀ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻļāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇āχ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āϝ⧇āϏāĻŦ āĻŽā§‡āĻ ā§‹  āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤ⧃āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖ āĻļ⧁āύāϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ — āϤāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āωāϠ⧇ āφāϏāϛ⧇ āϝ⧇, āĻ āϞāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāχ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧀ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϞāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāχāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋ āϤāĻžāχ ?

āĻ­āĻžāϰāĻ¤â€“āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāύāϤāĻŋāϰ āϏ⧂āϚāύāĻž (⧧⧝⧭ā§Ģâ€“ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ļ)

Dr. Kakoli Sarkar āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻ•āϞ⧇āχ āϜāĻžāύāĻŋ āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϭ⧌āĻŽ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ ⧧⧝⧭⧧ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ ā§§ā§Ŧāχ āĻĄāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŽā§āĻŦāϰāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇āχ ⧧⧝⧭⧧ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ ā§Ŧāχ āĻĄāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļāϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āϝ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāσāϏāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻšā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ āϝ⧇, āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āφāĻļāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏ⧌āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āϝ āĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•, āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļā§€ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰāĨ¤ āĻ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨā§āϝāĻž āύāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇, āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āϏ⧇āχ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļā§€ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϝ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļā§€ āφāĻļāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϤāĻž āĻĒ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦāχ āĻ…āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇āχ ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ ā§§ā§Ģ āχ āφāĻ—āĻ¸ā§āϟ āĻŽā§āϜāĻŋāĻŦ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āϏ⧇ āφāĻļāĻž āĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻšāϞāĨ¤ āĻŽā§āϜāĻŋāĻŦ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻĨā§€ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ, āφāϰ āϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āώ āϏāĻšāϝ⧋āĻ—āĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻĒāĻžāχāĨ¤       ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ ā§§ā§Ģ āχ āφāĻ—āĻ¸ā§āϟ āĻŽā§āϜāĻŋāĻŦ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰāĻž āĻ…āϤāĻŋ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧃āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏ⧇āχ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻŦ āύāĻž, āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āĻāχāϟ⧁āϕ⧁ āĻŦāϞāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŦ āϝ⧇, āĻŽā§‡āϜāϰ āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϝāĻŧāύ⧇āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ⧇āϰ āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧇āĻ›āύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āώāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ āϏāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻĢāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϤ āϜāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāϞ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϞāĻŋāϖ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, “ā§Ŧ āύāϭ⧇āĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ āϰāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻ–āĻžāϞ⧇āĻĻ āĻŽāĻļāĻžāϰāϰāĻĢ āϚāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻ“ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ­āĻŦāύ⧇ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāϰāχ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ–āĻžāϞ⧇āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āφāϰ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ āϤ⧋ āϏāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻšā§€ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāĻŦ āϘāĻŸā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤ āϰāĻžāϤ āϤāĻŋāύāϟāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĢā§‹āύ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āύ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŦāϞāϞ⧇āύ, ‘Forgive and forget, let’s unite the army’āĨ¤       āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϰ⧂āĻĸāĻŧāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āχ āĻŦāϞāĻŋ, ‘āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ˜ā§‡āϰ āĻĒāĻŋāϠ⧇ āϏāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āφāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŦ⧇āύ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāϏāĻžāϰāĻĻ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤ⧇āύ, āϏ⧈āύāĻŋāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϕ⧇āύ?’ āϏ⧇āύāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύ⧀āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‚āϏāĻž āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāϭ⧇āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻĸā§‹āĻ•āĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇āĻ“ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āώ⧋āĻ­ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāχ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āφāĻļā§āϚāĻ°ā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻžāϰ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤ āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨā§‹āĻĒāĻ•āĻĨāύ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĒ⧇āϰ āϝ⧇ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϤāĻž āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϞāĻžāχāύ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧇āω āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϝ⧇āϟāĻž āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻļ⧁āύāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āύ āϏāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻš āύ⧇āχ, āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ­āĻŦāύ⧇ āĻŸā§‡āϞāĻŋāĻĢā§‹āύ āĻāĻ•ā§āϏāĻšā§‡āĻžā§āĻœā§‡ āĻāĻŽāύ āϕ⧇āω āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĒ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϕ⧋āύ āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤â€[āĻļāĻžāĻĢāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϤ āϜāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāϞ, āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ: āϰāĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ āφāĻ—āĻ¸ā§āϟ āĻ“ āώāĻĄāĻŧāϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āύāϭ⧇āĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ, āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž, ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ž]      ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ ā§§ā§Ģāχ āφāĻ—āĻ¸ā§āϟ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻĨā§€ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšāϞ⧋ āϤāĻ–āύ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āχ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ–āĻžāϰāĻžāĻĒ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧋, “āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§â€āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻŦ⧇āώ āĻ›āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύ⧀ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖ āϏāĻ•āϞāϕ⧇āχ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡â€“ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻšāϝ⧋āĻ—āĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāϕ⧇ āύāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĨ¤ āĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āϝ⧇, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟāύāĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏ⧈āύāĻŋāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇ āĻ˜ā§‹āώāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻ¤ā§‹â€“ “āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ (āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ)  āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏ⧇āύāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧁āĻ¨â€āĨ¤ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏ⧈āύāĻŋāϕ⧇āϰāĻž āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻ“ āĻ•āϰāϤāĨ¤        āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύ āĻšāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāχ ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ“ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž āϚ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āώāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ—āϤ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāύāĻŋāϰāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāύāĻŋāϰāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āϭ⧇āĻŦ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āωāĻ—ā§āϰ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽā§€ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧāϤāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āφāĻļāĻžāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻšāϤ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āύāĻŋāĨ¤ ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ē āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻļ⧇āĻ– āĻŽā§āϜāĻŋāĻŦ OIC(Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) āĻāϰ āϏāĻĻāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ āϏāĻĢāϰ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āϝ⧇ āωāĻ—ā§āϰ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽā§€ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧāϤāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧋ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻļ⧇āĻ– āĻŽā§āϜāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇āĻ“ āφāĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ“āϠ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŦāĻžāϏ⧀āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϕ⧇ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻž āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āĻļ⧇āĻ– āĻŽā§āϜāĻŋāĻŦ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύāϕ⧇ āĻĻā§‚āϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ•āϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻžāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ•āϰāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻžāϏāĻ• āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāωāϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻŦ⧇āώ āĻ›āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϤ⧇ āϞāĻžāĻ—āϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āφāϧāĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤āĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŦāĻžāϏ⧀ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧋āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āωāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻšā§‡āϤāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖ āϤāĻž āωāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻŦ⧇āώ āĻ›āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšā§āϚāĻž āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ– āĻāχ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āϜāϰ āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ•āϟ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻšā§‹āϏ⧇āχāύ āĻŽā§‹āĻšāĻžāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻĻ āĻāϰāĻļāĻžāĻĻ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āχāĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāϞ⧇āύ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻŦ⧇āώ āĻ›āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϤ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻāĻ• āϧāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ģ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ ⧧⧝⧝ā§Ļ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻŦ⧇āώ āĻ›āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻĢāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ•āĻž āĻŦāĻžāρāϧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻŋāύ āĻŦāĻŋāϘāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĻĄāϰāĨ¤     āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϛ⧋āϟāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ, āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āϞ⧇āϰ āϛ⧋āϟ āϛ⧋āϟ āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϚāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ, āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĢāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ•āĻž āĻŦāĻžāρāϧ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āĻ–āĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĢāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ•āĻž āĻŦāĻžāρāϧ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āύāĻĻā§€ āύāĻžāϞāĻž āĻļ⧁āĻ•āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āĻĢāϏāϞ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āύāĻž, āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ­āϝāĻŧāĻ‚āĻ•āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻ āĻšāϤ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āĻāϤ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ  āĻšāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āύāĻŦāϜāĻžāϤāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϚāĻž āϕ⧇āĻ“ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāχ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻļ⧁āύ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ āϝ⧇, āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇ āϤ⧋āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁āϰāĻž āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āύāĻĻā§€āϰ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻŦ⧇āρāϧ⧇ āϰ⧇āϖ⧇āϛ⧇, āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āύāĻĻā§€āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āύāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻˇā§āϟ āĻĻāĻŋāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĢāϞāϤ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ–āĻžāϰāĻžāĻĒāĨ¤ “āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻ–āĻžāϰāĻžāĻĒ” āĻāĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āφāϰ āϕ⧋āύ āωāĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤       āφāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇āϟāĻž āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰāϞāĻžāĻŽâ€“ āϤāĻŋāύ āĻŦāĻŋāϘāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĻĄāϰāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϐ āϛ⧋āϟ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻŋāύ āĻŦāĻŋāϘāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĻĄāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϟāĻŋ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāϟ⧁āϕ⧁ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤāĻžāĻŽ āϝ⧇, āϤāĻŋāύ āĻŦāĻŋāϘāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϜāĻŽāĻŋ āφāϛ⧇ āϝ⧇āϟāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āφāϟāϕ⧇ āϰ⧇āϖ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϜāĻžāύāĻŋāύāĻž āĻāχ āĻ…āĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻž āφāϜāĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āφāϛ⧇āύ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāύāϤ⧇āύ āύāĻž, āϤāĻž āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āϕ⧂āϟāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļāϕ⧇ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϚāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĻ⧁ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž āϞāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāχ āϚāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž āϞāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāχ āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ• āφāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āχāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĻŋ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϜāύāĻ—āϪ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒāϰāϤ⧋āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻ⧇ āĻĒāϰāϞ⧇ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻļāϰāĻŖāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, āĻāĻ–āύ⧋ āϤāĻžāχ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āχāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āχ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦ⧈āϧ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ-āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇ āϜāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ  āĻŽāĻĻāϤāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦāϞāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϤāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϰāϤ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āύāĻŋāĨ¤ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˜ā§āύāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϕ⧂āϟāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĻŋ āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϚāϞāĻžāϰ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāχāϏāĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ ⧧⧝⧭⧝ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻ—āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻžāϰ āϜāϞāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϟāύ āϚ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§Ļ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻœā§āϝ āϚ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāχ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāϞāĻž āϚāϞ⧇ āύāĻž, āϕ⧇āύāύāĻž āĻāχ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϚ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞāχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ, āϕ⧂āϟāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ—āϤ āϜāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ—āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϐāĻ•ā§āϝ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤāϤāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ—āĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒ⧌āρāϛ⧇ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ …

āĻ­āĻžāϰāĻ¤â€“āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāύāϤāĻŋāϰ āϏ⧂āϚāύāĻž (⧧⧝⧭ā§Ģâ€“ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ļ) Read More »

RIGMAROLE OF MONGLA PORT

DRONA BANDYOPADHYAY Bangladesh is a major littoral state in South and South-East Asian region of the world. The country has a coastline of 720 kms or 447 miles which is inarguably an extensive length to develop a strong blue-water economy. Due to this long coastline Bangladesh has some effectivel and advantageous natural harbours to be used as ports. At present there are three major sea-ports which are Chittagong, Mongla and Payra. The Matarbari anchorage is a deep sea-port and it is under construction with Japanese funding. In this paper I will throw light on the Mongla port only. Mongla is the second largest and oldest sea-port of Bangladesh and it is located about 48 kms away from Khulna, the third largest urban centre. This port was founded in 1954 at the confluence of of two rivers, namely, Pasur and Mongla in Bagerhat district of southern Bangladesh. In particularity this port is located at the east bank of the  Pasur river. Before the foundation of Mongla port, a commercial harbourage was established at Chalna, 18 kms upstream of Mongla in 1950 to facilitate the export of raw jute. Four years later, due to greater depth and draught the harbourage was shifted to Mongla. The Mongla port is located approximately 131 kms upstream of the Bay of Bengal. Though the official nomenclature was changed from ‘Chalna Port’ to ‘Mongla Port’ in 1987. The Government of Bangladesh has taken some remarkable developmental initiatives to transform the Mongla port as one of the busy ports of Indian sub-continent. Here it can be referred that for last four decades Mongla port has not undergone any significant upliftment and upgradation and remained more or less dormant. In recent times the Govt. of Bangladesh through Mongla Port Authority has undertaken the modernization of jetties, dredging of riverine channel of Pasur and installation of high-end machineries to upgrade the port. The Authority is expecting that the proper implementation of all the development endeavours will make Mongla port as one of the major ports of the region. The Port Authority has designed the present modernization plan in such an envisionment to place Mongla as a serious competitor of Kolkata and Paradip ports of eastern India. Though it is a big dream but realization of it will not be very challenging as there are favourable geographical location and prospective hinterland comprising south-western and northern Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Kosi-Seemanchal region of Bihar, northern districts of West Bengal and Sikkim. The Port Authority is looking forward to increase the capacity of Mongla by significant volume within 2024. The inauguration of Padma Multipurpose Bridge has lessened the travelling distance between Dhaka and Mongla by 170 kms. Now the distance between Dhaka and Chittagong port is greater than that between Dhaka and Mongla. Hence the economic importance of Mongla port has increased manifold. In coming years the Mongla port will emerge as equally a major one vis-à-vis Chittagong port. Another notable feature of Mongla port will be its railway connectivity. The construction of Khulna-Mongla railway is nearly complete. The Port Authority is eagerly anticipating the execution of Khulna-Mongla rail connection within 2023. Once Mongla port becomes part of national and international railway network it will be easier for Kosi-Seemanchal of Bihar, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and adjoining areas like Siliguri-Jalpaiguri to utilize the anchorage of it in a finer and fitter way. It can be mentioned here that Khulna-Mongla rail Project is being implemented under the Indian Line of Credit to Bangladesh. The dredging work in inner bar and outer bar of Pasur channel is continuing.  In can be mentioned here that the inner bar extends from the Mongla port to Joymonirghol while the outer bar stretches from Mongla port to the mouth of Bay of Bengal.After the completion of inner bar dredging work the cargo vessels, having more than nine metres in height, can use the jetties. A total amount of 793 crores of BD Taka has been allocated for this critical effort of channel dredging. The concerned authorities are expecting that within 2023 the entire work be completed, and it will enhance the cargo handling capacities of the port. Apart from it, capital dredging of the outer bar of the Pasur channel is also undergoing. The Pasur will be dredged at a depth of 8.5 metres to ensure the smooth sailing of large ships. The project is being implemented at the cost of 166.50 BD Taka.  The Chinese Joint Venture of CCECC (China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation) and JHCEC (Jianshu Haihong Construction Engineering Company Limited) is executing the dredging project. Under the same project capital dredging will be done from the jetty number 9 of Mongla port up to 13 kms upstream to deepen the water course for better navigability to ensure uninterrupted coal supply for the upcoming Rampal thermal power plant based on coal resources. It is also the foremost responsibility of the Bangladesh Government, in accordance with the 2013 Indo-Bangladesh agreement for setting up of Rampal power plant in Bagherhat district, to conduct dredging of the Pasur channel for the transportation of raw materials and equipments required for the installation of thermal power plant at Rampal and seamless supply of coal to the power station for the consistent production of electricity. The Dredging Corporation of India, a state-owned enterprise in India, is executing the Pasur channel for this purpose. According to Mongla Port Authority the Govt of Bangladesh has spent 1,372.8 crores of BD Taka from 2009 to 2020 to implement 15 projects. In line with Vision-2024 nine more projects are under implementation. Among these projects some crucial ones are purchasing of necessary machinery and equipments for cargo handling and management and six feeder vessels for assisting the sea going ships. The modernization and development of Mongla sea port will bring tremendous economic oppurtunities for the overall economy of Bangladesh. It will create immense job oppurtunities for the local populace and provide significant revenue earnings to the national exchequer. The upgraded Mongla port will also encourage export oriented industrialization …

RIGMAROLE OF MONGLA PORT Read More »

DILEMMA OF SHEIKH MUJIB

DRONA BANDYOPADHYAY Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is the most well-known figure in Bangladesh. He is also the most controversial personality of Bangladesh too. Popularly known as ‘Bangabandhu’or ‘Friend of Bengal’, he is equally loved and hated by his admirers and adversaries, respectively. It is quite commonplace for a towering personality like Sheikh Mujib to receive love and hate or respect and contempt at the same time even after more than four decades of his atrocious murder along with his family and relations on 15th August 1975. Sheikh Mujib was an influential man of Bangladesh. He had the most significant role in preparing the country and countrymen conscious of their rights and responsibilities. Whether Sheikh Mujib declared independence or not is not my objective in this write up but the entire saga of the creation of independent Bangladesh in 1971 cannot be imagined without the role and image of Sheikh. It is true that the liberation war of 1971 was fought in his physical absence but his emotional and psychological presence was the most inspiring and encouraging factor for his impoverished countrymen to fight for independence against the Pakistani state for which Sheikh Mujib himself did political fight in 1940s when he was a young student leader of Calcutta (Kolkata). Mujib was born in 1920 in a Bengali Muslim family. In those times the Bengali Muslim community was undergoing colossal social and political changes. A new politically conscious and socially mobile educated middle class was emerging across Bengal among the Muslims. The decade of 1920s was a shining decade for the Bengali Muslims because this very decade witnessed the establishment of Dhaka University and emergence of Kazi Nazrul Islam, Golam Mostofa, Jasimuddin,S. Wajed Ali , Begum Sufia Kamal , Mohammad Kasem and  inauguration of Saogat and Shikha literary period . It is true that the trait of political and social consciousness in the Bengali Muslim community was communal in nature scope but there was a considerable liberal ingredient within it. This communalistic trend based  on religious identity straightly stimulated the demand for a separate Muslim homeland called Pakistan. The Pakistan movement was hugely popular and eventually a successful political movement in the annals of Indian sub-continent. The Bengal and Bengali Muslims were the most vocal and vociferous Muslim ethnic group in undivided India of 1940s. Mujib was the product of this above-mentioned politico-social environment conditioned with pan-Indian Muslim nationalism. His adolescence and youthhood experienced the maturation and advancement of Muslim separatism based on religious community based nationalistic ideas and ideology. These political realities had shaped the political outlook of Sheikh Mujib. This was his primary foundation of politics in truest sense. Despite this fact of his life he admired the heroic and fearless politics of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and valorous strikes of his INA. Mujib expressed his respectful adoration for Subhas Bose in his autobiography but at the same time his heart and mind cried for the cause of Muslim homeland and he aligned with the latter. This singular incident is the finest and fittest example to show his emotional swings and decisive  commitments. In his later life Mujib became one of the major national leaders of united Pakistan before 1971 and the main propeller of the autonomy and independence movement of Bangladesh since 1960s. Throughout his life he was very straightforward and brave in his behavior and played his role withoutany inhibitions. Mujib faced multiple contradictions in his political journey due to prevalence of social contradictions within Bengali Muslim society and political and constitutional contradictions within Pakistan in various stages in undivided India, united Pakistan and newly-created Bangladesh. Without citing any further example it can be maintained that he was indeed a successful politician who profoundly understood the psyche of his people. Mujib knew that Muslims of Bengal are deeply religious. They follow and practice the Islamic rules and rituals in a very conservative way. Under no circumstance the Bengali Muslms will go against the idea of Pakistan which stands for the emancipation and development of Muslims of India through the realisation of a separate Muslim homeland though they were bitterly experiencing an exploitative behaviour from the ruling elites of Pakistan. This was the core cause behind the genesis of the process of split from united Pakistan. 1971 had brought this particular contradictory situation. Mujib tried his best to coagulate the mutually adversarial forces and interests but failed miserably . The cost of failure was humongous. The genocide of 1971 and politically motivated brutal massacre of 15th August 1975 bear the best testimony of his historically gargantuan failure.

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āϤāĻžāρāϰāĻž āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āωāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧁āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻāχ āϰāĻ•āĻŽ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āϤāĻ–āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻŽā§‹āĻŸā§‡āχ āϏāĻšāϜ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤   ⧧⧝ā§Ģ⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž āϤ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻ—āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻžā§āϚāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϜāύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋ-āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϤāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻŽā§‹āĻŸā§‡āχ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻŦ⧃āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇āĻ“ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϤāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧀ āϤ⧇āĻŽāύ āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϞāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻĨāϚ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ 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āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāϰ⧇āϕ⧇ āωāĻĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻž āϖ⧁āĻŦāχ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝ⧇āϤāĨ¤ āϏ⧇āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϤāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āϏāĻšāĻœā§‡āχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ ⧧⧝ā§Ģ⧍-āϰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āφāĻŦāĻšā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦ⧇āĻ—āĻŦāĻžāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ“āϠ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•āĻĄāĻŧ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§‡āχ āĻĒ⧁āĻˇā§āϟ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϤāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āĻāϤāϟāĻžāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āϝāĻ–āύ āωāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧁āϕ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ, āϤāĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻŖāĻĒāϰāĻŋāώāĻĻ⧇ āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋ āωāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧁āϰ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āĻāχ āϭ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϝ⧇, āωāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧁ āĻšāϞ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ, āφāϰ āĻāχ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽāϕ⧇ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āωāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧁āϕ⧇āχ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇āύ, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ, āϤāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ­āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āϘāύāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ  āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āύ⧇āχāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻŦ⧃āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻāχ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāχ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇ āϧāϰāϤ⧇ āϏāĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻ“ āĻāχ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύāĻŋ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽā§€ āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻžāϞāϰāĻ•āĻŽā§‡āϰāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āωāĻĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇ āϤ⧇āĻŽāύ āϕ⧋āύ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āϤ⧋āϞāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋ ⧧⧝ā§Ŧā§Ž āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤāĨ¤   āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ ⧧⧝ā§Ģ⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ ⧍⧧āĻļ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āĻŦā§āϰ⧁āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻļāĻšā§€āĻĻāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻļāĻšā§€āĻĻ āĻŽāĻŋāύāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ ⧧⧝ā§Ŧ⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ…āĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ ⧧⧝ā§Ģ⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ ⧧⧝ā§Ģā§­ āϏāĻžāϞ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻŦ⧃āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāϞ⧇āĻ“ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻļāĻšā§€āĻĻ āĻŽāĻŋāύāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϭ⧇āĻŦ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϐ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻĢā§āϰāĻ¨ā§āϟ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻŦ⧃āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϏāĻš āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻŦ⧃āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻŦāĻžāρāĻŸā§‹āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϧāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇ āϞāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ, āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻ• āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇āϰ āϤ⧇āĻŽāύ āϕ⧋āύ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāχ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤   āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āϤ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āϤāĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϞāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋ? â€œā§§ā§¯ā§Ģā§Ž āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āφāϝāĻŧ⧁āĻŦ āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ ⧧⧝ā§Ŧ⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻĢ⧇āĻŦā§āϰ⧁āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāϏ⧇ āĻļāĻšā§€āĻĻ āĻŽāĻŋāύāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤â€ā§§ āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻŋāĻ›āύ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāϤ⧋ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āϜāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻšāϞ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻļ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇āĻ“ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻŦ⧃āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻ• āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇āϰ āϕ⧋āύ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϞ⧇āύ āύāĻž āϕ⧇āύ? āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻž āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻšāϤ⧋ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻ• āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻļ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āĻ…āĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϞ āϕ⧇āύ?   āϤāĻžāĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧈āύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻžāϝāĻŧ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āϝ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦāχ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻĻāĻ–āϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāĻ•āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŽā§‡āϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇āχāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ— āϰāĻĻ⧇āϰ (⧧⧝⧧⧧ āϏāĻžāϞ) āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻŦ⧃āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻœā§€āĻŦā§€āĻ“ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻŦ⧃āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϕ⧇ āĻĻā§‹āώāĻžāϰ⧋āĻĒ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϤāĻ–āύ āĻāχ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇, āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāϏāĻžāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύāϰāĻž, āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻžāϟ āĻ­ā§‚āĻ–āĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϚāϞāĻžāϚāϞ, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻ“ āĻŦāϏāĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ›āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤāĨ¤ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻāĻĄāĻŧ āϜāϞ⧋āĻšā§āĻ›ā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āφāĻ“āϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—-āφāϏāĻžāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻžāϏāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ–āĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āĻāϏ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϝāĻž āϰāĻŦā§€āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāύāĻžāĻĨāϏāĻš āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻœā§€āĻŦā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāϤāĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻœā§€āĻŦā§€āϰāĻž āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϏ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻžā§āϜāϞ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāϟāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻ–āύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āχ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āϝ⧇ āĻŽā§‡āϘ āϘāύ⧀āĻ­ā§‚āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ“ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϤāĻž āφāϰ āĻĻā§‚āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧈āύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϞ⧋āĻ•āϜ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϤ⧇āĻŽāύ āϕ⧋āύ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āϤāĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāϏāĻ• āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖā§€ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻžāρāϧāύ⧇ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύāĻŋ āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖāϕ⧇ āĻ—ā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āχ āĻŦ⧇āρāϧ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧāĻžāϏ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϝ⧁āĻŦāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϝ⧇ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻ“ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻž āϤāĻž āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ – āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āϤāϤāϟāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤   āĻāĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āϝ⧇, āĻļ⧇āĻ– āĻŽā§āϜāĻŋāĻŦ⧁āϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ, āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āφāĻŽāϞ, āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇ āϤ⧇āĻŽāύ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ• āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĻŋ, āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāϤ āĻāϕ⧇āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇āχ āĻĻ⧃āĻĸāĻŧ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĻŋāĨ¤ ⧧⧝ā§Ŧā§Ž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ļ āϏāĻžāϞ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϜāύāĻŽāύ⧇, āϝ⧁āĻŦāĻŽāĻžāύāϏ⧇ āĻ“ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϝ⧇ āĻŦā§€āϜ āĻĒā§āϰ⧋āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•āĻĄāĻŧ āφāϰ⧋ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĒ⧇āϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤   āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āϞāĻžāϭ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāύāĻŋāϰāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ ā§§ā§Ģ āφāĻ—āĻ¸ā§āϟ āĻļ⧇āĻ– āĻŽā§āϜāĻŋāĻŦ⧁āϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻāĻ•āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ• āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāωāϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻĻāϞ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āύāĻŋāϰāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž, āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāϤāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āϘāϟāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āφāϰ āĻāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āχ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāĻŦāĻžāϏāĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤           āφāϰ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻŦāĻĻāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āĻĻā§€āύ āωāĻŽāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝāϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāύ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϰāχ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ•āϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āϝ⧇āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāύāϤāĻŋāχ āĻ…āĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤   ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ž āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ ‘āĻŦāĻŋāϏāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻžāĻšāĻŋ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϰāĻšāĻŋāĻŽ’ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āϜāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻŦāϞāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ – “The BNP government also introduced significant policy changes in the socio cultural life of Bangladesh. The most important was the move away from secularism to Islamic ideals. While under Sheikh Mujibar Rahman secularism was the basis of the state, General Zia made it more Islamic.”⧍   ⧧⧝ā§Ŧā§Ž, ⧧⧝ā§Ŧ⧝ āĻāϰ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ, ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ļ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ ⧧⧝⧭⧧ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāωāϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āφāĻŽāϞ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽā§€āĻ•āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤāχ āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϞ⧁āĻĒā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāĻĨ⧇ …

āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ : āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻŖ Read More »

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§ˆāĻļā§‹āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϞ (ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§Ļâ€“ā§¯ā§Ļ)

Dr. Kakoli Sarkar ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§Ļ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ ⧧⧝⧝ā§Ļ āĻāχ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§ˆāĻļā§‹āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϞ āϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇ āφāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāϞāĻžāĻŽ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻāχ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§€āϜ āĻŦāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŽāϜāĻŋāĻŦ⧁āϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĨ¤ ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ŧ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ ā§ŠāϰāĻž āĻŽā§‡ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻžāϏāĻ• āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāωāϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻ• āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āϜāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ ā§Šā§Ž āύāĻ‚ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻšā§āϛ⧇āĻĻ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻŋāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāϤ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāχ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧈āĻļāĻŦāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāϤāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ āφāϰ āϤāĻž āĻ•ā§ˆāĻļā§‹āϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϤ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–ā§āϝ, āĻļ⧇āĻ– āĻŽā§āϜāĻŋāĻŦ⧁āϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇ ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ ā§Šā§Ž āύāĻ‚ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ• āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāϞāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻšā§‡āϰ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋāώāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ŧ āϏāĻžāϞāϰ ā§ŠāϰāĻž āĻŽā§‡ āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāωāϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāϞ āϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš āϕ⧇ āφāĻšāĻŦāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻĨāϟāĻŋ āĻŽāϏ⧃āĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻ“āĻ āĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϞāĻž, āϝāĻžāϰ āϰāϏāĻĻ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻžāϏāĻ• āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāωāϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒāϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻāχ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ž āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ ā§§ā§§āχ āϜ⧁āϞāĻžāχ āϕ⧁āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤ āϰāĻžāϜāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ, āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ⧀ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāϗ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ—ā§‹āϞāĻžāĻŽ āφāϜāĻŽ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϏāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡ āϤāĻŋāύ āĻŽāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϝāĻŧ āφāϏ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāϏāĻž āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻ…āĻŦ⧈āϧāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ āύ⧀āϰāĻŦ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻ—ā§‹āϞāĻžāĻŽ āφāϝāĻŽ āϜāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϤ⧇ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻĻāϞ⧇āϰ āφāĻŽāĻŋāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇āύāĨ¤      āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāωāϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻ•āĻžāϞ āϚāϞ⧇ ā§Šā§ĻāĻļ⧇ āĻŽā§‡ ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§§ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“āχ āĻĻāĻŋāύ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύ⧀āϰ ā§Ŧ āϜāύ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻļ āĻĢāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻšāϤ āĻšāύāĨ¤ āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāωāϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϤāĻž āϏ⧁āĻĻā§‚āϰāĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰ⧀, āϏ⧇āχ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻ…āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ⧇ āĻĻ⧁ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āύāĻž āĻŦāϞāϞ⧇āχ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŋāϰ⧋āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āύ, “āĻŦāĻŋāϏāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϰāĻšāĻŋāĻŽâ€āĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻāϞ⧇āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ āφāϛ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāϤ⧋ āĻ–āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻšā§‹āϖ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇ āϧāϰāĻž āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ āϞāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖā§€āϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāύāĻŋāϰāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇, āφāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāĻ“ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ—ā§āϰ⧇ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽāϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāωāϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ “āϜāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžâ€ āĻ¸ā§āϞ⧋āĻ—āĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻ¸ā§āϞ⧋āĻ—āĻžāύ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ “āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āϜāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ” (āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ āϜāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ•āϰāϪ⧇)āĨ¤ “āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϏ⧋āύāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžâ€āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āφāϏ⧇āύ “āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ”āĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋ–      āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϝāĻ–āύ āϤ⧃āϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āϚāϤ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖā§€āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ, āϏāĻžāϞāϟāĻŋ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āφāύ⧁āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§Ē āĻŦāĻž ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§Ģ āϤāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āϞ⧇ “āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ” āĻ—āĻžāύāϟāĻŋ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϜāĻžāύāϤāĻžāĻŽ āĻ—āĻžāύāϟāĻŋāϰ āϰāϚāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤāĻž āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāωāϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āϞ⧇ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§€āϤ “āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϏ⧋āύāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžâ€ āĻ—āĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϤ⧋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ-āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§€āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŽāϜāĻž āĻĒ⧇āϤāĨ¤ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§€āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŽāϜāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāϠ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āφāĻļā§āϚāĻ°ā§āϝ āϞāĻžāĻ—āϤ⧋ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āϞ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύāĻžāϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ āϕ⧋āϰāφāύ āĻĒāĻžāĻ  āĻšāϤ⧋, āϏ⧇ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ-āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀āϰāĻž āϚ⧁āĻĒ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāρāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤ āϤāĻ–āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻĻ⧁ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āϞ⧇ āϕ⧋āϰāφāύ āĻĒāĻžāϠ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ—ā§€āϤāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ  āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϤ⧋, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āϞ⧇ āĻ—ā§€āϤāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ  āĻšāϤ⧋ āύāĻž, āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āϕ⧋āϰāφāύ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āχ āĻšāϤ⧋āĨ¤ āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāωāϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇ āĻĸ⧁āĻ•āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϞ āϏ⧇āχ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āϞ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āφāϰ āĻĻ⧁ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāχāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝ āĻŦāχāϤ⧇ āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāωāϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ˜ā§‹āώāĻ•, (āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ āĻšā§‹āϏ⧇āχāύ āĻŽā§‹āĻšāĻžāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻĻ āĻāϰāĻļāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧀āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻĒ⧁āĻ¸ā§āϤāϕ⧇ āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšāϝāĻŧ)āĨ¤ āĻļ⧇āĻ– āĻŽā§āϜāĻŋāĻŦ⧁āϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāρāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻĒ⧁āĻ¸ā§āϤāϕ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžāĻ“ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϛ⧋āϟāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻļā§‹āύāĻž āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāχāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻŽāĻŋāϞāϤ⧋ āύāĻž, āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ…āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āĻŽāĻž āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇āύ, “āĻĻ⧇āĻļāϟāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āύ⧇āχ, āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžâ€āĨ¤āϤāĻžāχ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāωāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤       āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āφāϏāĻŋ, ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§Ļ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ ⧧⧝⧝ā§Ļ āĻĻāĻļāϕ⧇ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇ āĻĸ⧁āĻ•āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϏ⧇āύāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύ⧀ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻžāϏāĻ• āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāωāϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāϏ⧂āϰ⧀ āĻšā§‹āϏ⧇āχāύ āĻŽā§‹āĻšāĻžāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻĻ āĻāϰāĻļāĻžāĻĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύ āĻŽāĻĄā§‡āϞ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύ⧀āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒ⧁āϞ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧋āϞ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āύ⧇āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύ⧀āϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āϛ⧋āϟāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻžāϰ āφāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰāĻŖâ€“         āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻŽāĻž āϝāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āĨ¤ āϰāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŽā§‡āϞ⧇āϟāĻžāϰāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āĻŸā§‡ āφāϞāĻ•āĻžāϤāϰāĻž āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝ⧋āĻ—, āĻļāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϰ āĻĢāĻžāρāĻ• āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧇āϟ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻžāϏāĻ• āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāωāϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύ⧀āϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āϤāĻŋāύāϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ â€“ “āϤāĻžāĻ•āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžâ€, “āϜāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻĻ” āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “āĻĢāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻžāĻšâ€āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏ⧈āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϛ⧋āϟ āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāϏāĻžāϰāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϟāĻŋ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āϜāϰ⧁āϰ⧀, āϕ⧇āύāύāĻž āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰāϕ⧇āχ āύāĻŋāϜ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϜāύāĻ—āϪ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻĒā§€āĻĄāĻŧāĻ¨â€“ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϤāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϏ⧇āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻāĻ• āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤        āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύ⧀āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇āχ āύāϝāĻŧ, āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻŽāύāĻ“ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ…āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻšāĻœā§‡ āĻŦāĻļā§€āĻ­ā§‚āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āϞāĻžāĻ­ āĻšāϞ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻšāϞ⧇āχ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŦ⧇ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϰāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧇ āϰāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧇ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ⧇āϰ āϠ⧇āĻ•āĻž āύāĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤      āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāωāϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ āĻāϰāĻļāĻžāĻĻ (ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§Šâ€“ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ļ) āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻšā§āĻ› āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāϕ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ  āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇, āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖ, āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦ⧇āφāχāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϜāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāωāϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻžāϏāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āφāχāύāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϕ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ āĻāϰāĻļāĻžāĻĻāĻ“ āϤ⧇āĻŽāύāĻŋ āĻŦ⧇āφāχāύāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϕ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āφāϏāύ⧇ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϜāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ—āĻž āĻĒ⧇āϤ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻšāϞ āϏāĻšāϜ āϰāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻž, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ‚āĻļ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻ…āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ āĻāϰāĻļāĻžāĻĻ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāϪ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻŽāϏāϜāĻŋāĻĻ⧇ āϜ⧁āĻŽāĻžāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāϤ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇āύ āϝ⧇, āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāϛ⧇āύāĨ¤â€“ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāρāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻĒā§€āϰāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧁āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āύāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĢāϰāĻŋāĻĻāĻĒ⧁āϰ⧇āϰ āφāϟāϰāĻļāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§€āϰāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϛ⧋āϟāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻž āĻāϰāĻļāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧌āϞāϤ⧇ āĻāχ āĻĒā§€āϰ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻļ⧁āύ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻļ⧁āύāϤ⧇ āĻļ⧁āύāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰāϤāĻžāĻŽ āϏ⧇āχ āĻĒā§€āϰ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ…āϞ⧌āĻ•āĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āψāĻļā§āĻŦāϰ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻĻā§‚āϤāĨ¤ āĻĒā§€āϰ⧇āϰ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϤ⧇āĻŽāύāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāĻ“ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāχāϏāĻŦ āĻĒā§€āϰāϰāĻž āϚāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŋ-āĻŦāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŋ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽā§‹āĻļāύ, āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϭ⧃āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāϠ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€āϰāĻž āĻāϰāĻļāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ•āϟ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­ā§‚āϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āϞāĻžāĻ­ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāύ⧈āĻ• āĻĒā§€āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšā§‡āĻŦāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ• āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻž āϏ⧇āϞāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻāϰāĻļāĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāύ āϜāĻŽāĻŋ āϞāĻŋāϖ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻāϰāĻļāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŽāϏāϜāĻŋāĻĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻŦ⧇āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜ⧁āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇ āĻŽāϏāϜāĻŋāĻĻ⧇ āĻŽāϏāϜāĻŋāĻĻ⧇ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŧ āωāĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āϕ⧁āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤ āϰāĻžāϜāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ, āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĻā§‹āϏāϰ āφāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧁āϞ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻžāύ āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāϰāĻļāĻžāĻĻāϕ⧇ āĻœā§‹āϰāĻžāϞ⧋ āϏāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻāϰāĻļāĻžāĻĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻŋāύ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€āϰāĻž āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϜ āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻĢāĻŋāϞ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ—āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧀ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻļā§‹āύāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻĨāĻžāĻ“ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϤ⧋ āύāĻžāϰ⧀ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āύāĻžāϜāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϜāĨ¤       āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϛ⧋āϟāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ āϰ⧋āϜāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§‹āĻ•āĻžāύāĻĒāĻžāϟ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧋āĨ¤ āĻāϰāĻļāĻžāĻĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻāχ āĻĢāϰāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻāϰāĻļāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻĢāϰāĻŽāĻžāύ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ, āϤāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĢ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻšāϰ āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ⧇ āĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĢ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•, āφāϰ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§‹āϰāĻ•āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ …

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āχāϏāϞāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§ˆāĻļā§‹āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϞ (ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§Ļâ€“ā§¯ā§Ļ) Read More »

Culture of Bangladesh at cross-roads: Some Reflections

Bimal Pramanik Director, Centre for Research in Indo-Bangladesh Relations If we go through the history of Bangladesh and its changing trend of politics, it is discernible that the pace of change is very fast in comparison with that of Pakistani period. Why has it happened and how is it possible? It can be analyzed based on turbulent scenario of socio-political history of Bangladesh during the last fifty years. It is our common experience that Islamisation has always been, historically, a ‘power concept’; when secular forces come forward to protect social harmony based on dominant culture with a highly powerful assimilatory power, forces of Islamisation might claim their due and finally succeed to carve out a division of the same assertive secular society. But it was a notion that Bengali liberal cultural values were dominant in the society of newly independent Bangladesh. The concept of Bengali nationalism was not completely able to influence Bangladeshi Muslims. Most of the Muslims were not at all supportive to the idea of Bengali nationalism; it has come to limelight in 1971. From the very beginning of the newly independent Bangladesh, the values and ideals of Bengali nationalism was eroding fast. After assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, president of Bangladesh in 1975, the relevance of the very Bangladesh concept of 1971 was lost, and Bangladesh became a state tilting towards Islamisation. During the period of Ziaur Rahman and Ershad, leaders of the rightist Muslim groups were trying to organize and consolidate Muslim masses based on religion and madrassa teachings. The moderate views of a small section of society are gradually being replaced by the radical concept of Islamic supremacy. As a result, the differences between the other religious and cultural sects have become wider. Apart from that, during the last five decades, Bengali Muslims have strengthened the Islamic identity and culture to maintain the sovereign entity of Bangladesh as it is encircled by India. There must be an admixture of Islamic culture and social values with existing Bengali culture. Consequently, Islamisation of Bengali culture is more pronounced among the rich, middle, and lower middle-class people than it was during Pakistani rule. Even the use of Hejab, skull cap and burkha is rampant in school, colleges, and universities. Now the government of Bangladesh has recognized the madrassa education as equivalent to general education so that the madrassa students can be eligible for government/semi-government jobs. It will also have a long-term effect in orienting the Bangladesh society towards radical Islamic ethos. Islam must become the state religion according to its Constitution. There is always a propensity among a considerable section of Bangladesh society to hate the Hindus, Buddhists, and Christians i.e., the non-Muslims. The boys and girls imbibe this propensity from their families at the first level of socialisation which gets further strengthened through religious teachings and madrassa education supported by the state and respectfully acknowledged by society. All the governments in Bangladesh have been trying to strengthen Islam through robust state patronage within the social milieu of Bangladesh, suppressing other religious communities. A clear cultural transformation in favor of Islamisation has thus been taking place in the society. In this slough of moderate Islam, even the Awami League government, slowly but steadily, has been strengthening the very concept of Islamic Bangladesh by ignoring the secular ideals of liberation war. Sheikh Hasina, the present Prime Minister of Bangladesh has been implementing a project of model mosques and Islamic cultural centres in all the districts and sub-districts (Upazilas) to facilitate Islamic education and cultural activities. It was an important commitment of the Awami League in its election manifesto before the general election of 2014.1 Even syllabi of primary and secondary school education have been changed in conformity with this ideological perception.2 Apart from that, mosque-based child and mass education programmes under the Ministry of Religion of the government are continuing. The ground reality of the Bangladesh society has changed much during the last five decades, and there are many Islamic organizations in present day Bangladesh, but the government of Bangladesh is soft towards them. Even a good number of ruling front members have close connections with these Islamic organizations through many religio-cultural activities. Now a deep rooted radical Islamic perception have engulfed the entire polity since independence in 19713. After the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the Constitution of Bangladesh had been changed lock, stock, and barrel. The ideology and concept of the Liberation War had suffered a thorough political and constitutional transformation. The Pakistani ideal was established once again. From all those events most of the Muslim population of Bangladesh have not shunned the Pakistan ideology even after passing through a cruel nine-month stint of liberation war because they were not much influenced by Bengali culture which has been largely blossomed by Hindus of Bengal; outside their daily religious rituals there was no activities allied with fine-arts. The liberation war came to their life as a sudden northwest windstorm which could not make any permanent impression on their social psyche though there is a long tradition among Bengali Muslims to cultivate and cherish liberal socio-cultural traditions.  The rise of the present terror-soaked radical Islamic fundamentalism in Bangladesh has its roots in the above perspective. The seed that was sown during the Pakistani regime has now grown into a gigantic tree. The Bengali culture gradually flourished through a nationalist movement during the fag end of Pakistani regime. Burkha was not at all in vogue among the student community reading in colleges and universities. In the school compound burkha was totally absent; this was the first-hand knowledge of the people in those days who were studying in colleges and universities. But today’s Bangladesh provides a picture of two different trends; one small percentage bear taste and culture based on modernism, and the other steeped in medieval superstitions and religious blindness. Its reflection can be seen in schools, madrassas, colleges, universities, and other walks of national life. It is true that the people of Bangladesh could not be turned totally …

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Which path the Society of Bangladesh is trailing ?

Bimal Pramanik Director, Centre for Research in Indo-Bangladesh Relations āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāσ āύ⧇āĻĒāĻžāϞ āĻ“ āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāĻžāϞ  āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻ­āĻžāχāĨ¤ āϜāĻŽāĻŋ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻĻāĻŋāύāĨ¤ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āύāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻļ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ“ āϕ⧇āω āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĻŋāĨ¤  āϕ⧇āω āĻ•āĻžāωāϕ⧇  āĻ›āĻžā§œ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āύāĻžāϰāĻžāϜāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āύ āϜāĻŽāĻŋāϰ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϟāύ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻž āϚāϞāϛ⧇ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āĨ¤ āϛ⧋āϟāĻ­āĻžāχ āύ⧇āĻĒāĻžāϞ āĻŦ⧜āĻ­āĻžāχāϕ⧇ āĻļāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¸ā§āϤāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇  āφāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧁āϞ āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻāĻ• āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āϜāĻŽāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āφāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧁āϞ āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāϏāĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϕ⧋āϰāĻŦāĻžāύ⧀āϰ āψāĻĻ⧇ āϏ⧇ āύ⧇āĻĒāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ—āϰ⧁ āϕ⧋āϰāĻŦāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤ āύ⧇āĻĒāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŽāύ āϭ⧇āϙ⧇ āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤  āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻĒāϰ āĻ•āĻžāωāϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āύāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇  āϜāĻŽāĻŋ-āϜāĻŽāĻž āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇ āϏāĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āϏ⧇āĨ¤ How does this type of communal narrative choose for the 12 class standard question in the board final examination?  After investigation by the higher authority, it has been revealed that a team composed of four members has set the Bangla language paper question and another team from different colleges was engaged for the moderation of the question. My questions as follow : How can all the related members agree on a provocative communal narrative for the teenage  student group?  What was the motive behind it ?  Were they influenced by the Government policies or societal development of present Bangladesh ? If we look back in the era of the  present ruling government, we find that there were some decisions which had been implemented by them who were in the helm of affairs which were not conducive for the liberal democratic societal development and  building relations among the different religious and ethnic communities.   Literature To establish Upazila-wise Model mosques with different facilities to promote Islamic environment in the society from the ground level. Replacement of all Hindu and liberal authors (writers/poet/litterateur ) creation from the school syllabi including Rabindranath Tagore by the Pro-Pakistani and Pro-Islamic authors. All these happened to identify Bangladesh culturally and nationally proximate within the Islamic influence ignoring common liberal Bengali culture. Ultimate result is, communal atrocities have come down on the minority non-Muslim communities (Hindu, Buddhists, Adivasi, etc.) and rapidly growing radical Islamic influence in the schools and colleges. In this juncture, emerge a pro-Islamic social forces who are now controlling the cultural arena. It is now observed that there occur random uses of burkha and hejab in schools, colleges and universities; liberal cultural activities in the educational  institutions and societies both in town and villages are drastically reduced. In most of the places  during the present government’s  tenure, when atrocities on Hindu and other minorities happened, government machineries (like police, administration) were inactive and also unwilling to handle the grave situation, because most of the perpetrators  were from the local leaders and cadres from ruling party committed atrocities on minority communities.  These are the ground realities.  Foment of communal situation is nothing new for political parties of Bangladesh.  AL/BNP/ML/BJI whoever was in power during the last seventy five years, all played the same policies regarding minorities (Hindus). From the above narrative, it is quite clear that government has been encouraging  Hindus to leave Bangladesh for India leaving moveable and immoveable properties silently.  For this purpose, it is creating a conducive atmosphere to involve young mind of majority  Muslim community by their age-old tactics of cattle slaughtering in front of Hindu houses. In this narrative,  Hindus are also shown coward and as traitor.  This strategy has been widely practised by opportunist  Muslims since 1947.  It is nothing new, but Bangladesh government itself  is openly  encouraging it through education policy to spread communal poison in school going children. In this context it is relevant that post Pakistan societal change did not proceed according to perception of the ideals of Bangladesh liberation war.  In the field of culture and education, post 1975 development was far away from the dream of Bengali nationalism and liberal democracy which was the basis of bloody war in 1971.  Only one thing is discernible, and that was the fate of hapless and hopeless Hindus, whose sacrifice in the 1971 freedom struggle appeared to be negated by the assassination of Mujibur Rahman, and who started moving as an endless flock of people from Bangladesh to multiple directions into the land of India. There is no state religion in secular India, which is obliged to protect all religions equally, but the Bangladesh Republic has to preserve religious peace and harmony under the shadow of its state religion, viz. Islam.  The adoption of Islam as the state religion has utterly demoralized non-Muslims, and has reinforced their  already powerful compulsions about migration to India. Significantly, a state religion and even a radical Islamic environment  cannot extend the minimum of socio-economic protection even to Muslims, who instead of being satisfied with living in Islamic Bangladesh, have long been voting with their feet, and continuously leaving for secular India, especially Assam and West Bengal. Mujib case of fighting against Pakistan had finally given  way to a Bangladesh which never denied its Islamic character.  On the surface,  while Hindus imagined a new secular democratic prospect, Muslims suffered from a bankruptcy of leadership, which threw them eventually into the clutches of Mustaq Ahmed, Ziaur Rahman and others after Mujib’s death.  It was a pity that Bangladesh came out as a country and a state with an overt Islamic identity. The minority community in Bangladesh participated in the War of Liberation with the expectation that in the newly liberated country they would enjoy equal status and rights along with the majority community.  But in practice, the persecution of the minorities continued even after independence.  The forms of oppression of the religious minorities in Bangladesh are manifold.  Constitutionally, they have been downgraded; economically, they have been crippled through different discriminatory laws and practices; politically, they have been segregated and alienated from the mainstream; they have been made a non-entity in different  government and non-government services; culturally and socially, they are insecure.   They are totally deprived of the privileges of the participation in the top positions of government, and nationally they are used as subjects tortured through communal riots organized by the government for counteracting political unrest against the ruling party.  As …

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